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#362 MIC# Lab No.#9#. Bacterial Nucleic Acids Major Molecules; DNA, RNA and protein. Prokaryotic DNA (DNA): • DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. • Bacterial DNA is circular and single chromosome. (Contains all the genetic information used for development and functioning) DNA is a set of blueprints needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. DNA Structure: • Two long strands make the shape of a double helix. • Both strands run in opposite directions to each other. • Therefore anti-parallel. • Strands made up of nucleotides. • The backbones made of base, sugars and phosphate groups. Sugar +Base = Nucleoside Phosphate+ Sugar + Base = Nucleotide #362 MIC# Structure of DNA •Attached to each Deoxy ribose are of four nitrogen bases. •Purines-Adenine, Guanine. •Pyrimidines; Thymine and Cytosine. Bases Pairing PAIRING: A =T A=U G≡C • GC content stabilizes the helix due to presence of three hydrogen bonds. Biological function • DNA---Chromosomes---Genes • Genes –small sequences of DNA • Carries all information for –development and function • Their information is used to make protein with the help of RNA through Transcription...Translation. • The DNA double helix is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the bases attached to the two strands. • One major difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar, with the 2deoxyribose in DNA being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar ribose in RNA. #362 MIC# RNA; • RNA is Ribonucleic acid. • Consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. • Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate. • RNA contains-Sugar Ribose instead of Deoxyribose • Uracil is present instead of Thymine. RNA Single stranded. Four bases. Adenine. Guanine. Cytosine. Uracil. A-U / G-C. RNA –Function 1. Controls gene expression. 2. DNA is transcribed to RNA. 3. Plays an important role in protein synthesis. Types of RNA; 1. Messenger RNA mRNA. 2. Ribosomal RNA rRNA . 3. Transfer RNA tRNA. #362 MIC# Type Abbr. Function Distribution Messenger mRNA Codes for protein All organisms t RNA Translation and is the key to deciphering the code words in mRNA All organisms RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal r RNA RNA Translation and associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes All organisms Difference between RNA & DNA RNA DNA contain ribose sugar contains deoxy ribose Has the base uracil Has the base thymine RNA is usually single-stranded DNA is usually doublestranded #362 MIC#