Download Quiz 3 review sheet

Quiz 3 Learning Goals: use to review for Quiz 3
Replication, Transcription, Translation
• Demonstrate how the structure of DNA, including its directionality and its
double-stranded base pairing, are critical for its functions.
• Explain the “central dogma” and how it relates to how genes determine phenotype
• Explain the difference between DNA and RNA and how RNA is synthesized from
DNA
• Draw how replication works, and using the directionality of each strand as a cue, show how DNA polymerase moves. • Transcribe RNA strands from DNA template, being able to identify this strand by the location of the promoter and the directionality of each strand. • Use the codon table to determine what amino acids are made from an RNA transcript • Describe RNA processing, and how it changes the RNA transcript • Describe the role of introns and exons • Interpret the possible outcomes of alternative splicing • Relate the generation of protein from DNA to what we've previously discussed about the relationship between genotype and phenotype • Define “gene expression” and identify parts of a DNA sequence that are involved • Recognize different kinds of mutations (frameshift, insertions, deletions, point mutations) • Predict how different mutations in the DNA affect RNA and protein in different ways • Explain how changes to chromosome structure and presence and absence of cell-­‐specific transcription factors dictate which genes get transcribed and ultimately translated Working with DNA
• Describe the basic idea of PCR, and how/why scientists use it.
• Interpret patterns of DNA bands on “gels”, using the information to answer
questions about DNA size
• Recognize restriction enzyme sites and explain the use of restriction enzymes in
manipulating DNA
• Determine how a mutation could change the way a DNA sequence is cut, and be
able to recognize these changes on a gel
• Define “Population genetics”
• Describe the conditions that, if they change, will have an impact on allele
frequencies over time (Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium)
• Explain how and why non-coding regions are used for DNA profiling
• Interpret data from genome screening
• Describe the conditions that are important for the “Hardy Weinburg Equilibrium”
to be met, and why this favors non-gene sequences staying the same.
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Explain how each of the following genetic tests are accomplished
PCR with Gel electrophoresis, Use of restriction enzymes (RFLPs)
whole genome sequencing
PCR with SNP-Chip
Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)
Determine which type of test to use based on what is known about a genetic trait
or condition
Interpret the results of different types of genetic tests
Recombinant DNA
• Explain why and how bacteria can be easily used to make copies of human DNA.
• Explain what a bacterial plasmid is, and how it can be used to make recombinant
DNA
• Given information about a bacterial plasmid and a piece of DNA, propose how
you would cut and combine the two to create recombinant DNA and insert this
plasmid back into bacteria. Why would you do this and how does it work?
• Compare the two methods for making lots of copies of DNA: PCR and bacterial
amplification.