* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Protein Synthesis
Transcription factor wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
RNA interference wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Frameshift mutation wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid tertiary structure wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Transfer RNA wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
RNA-binding protein wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Protein Synthesis Transcription & Translation Protein Synthesis: An Overview “The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins.” Proteins are the link between genotype (AAC) and phenotype (eye color) Protein synthesis is the process of transferring the information encoded in DNA into proteins Step 1: Transcription Step 2: Translation Transcription Transcription is the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA Occurs in the nucleus DNA does not leave the nucleus! Analogy: blueprints do not get used at the job site when constructing a house Structure of RNA Made of nucleotides 5-carbon sugar (ribose) Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (A,G,C,U) Usually single stranded Can fold on itself… “hairpins” DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA Contains: Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine Contains: Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil 5-carbon sugar is deoxyribose 5-carbon sugar is ribose Double-stranded Single-stranded Transcription: 3 Steps 1) 2) Initiation - RNA polymerase (an enzyme) binds to a specific sequence of DNA called the promoter Elongation - RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble a strand of mRNA 3) Follows the base-pairing rules Termination – a specific sequence of DNA acts as a “termination signal” for transcription to stop, and the mRNA is released from the DNA Elongation – A Closer Look As RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, it untwists the double helix and separates the strands RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the mRNA molecule Follows the base-pairing rules The template strand of a given gene includes the sequence GCCACGTATCAG A. What is the sequence of the complementary strand? B. What is the mRNA sequence made? RNA Editing In eukaryotes, mRNA is edited before it’s sent out of the nucleus RNA splicing • Introns are cut out and exons are spliced together • Allows for multiple products to be made from the same gene The Genetic Code mRNA is “read” in threeletter “words” called codons Consists of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid Proteins are made by joining amino acids together into long chains called polypeptides Translation Big Picture: The building of a polypeptide (protein) from the information encoded in mRNA Occurs in the cytoplasm, on a ribosome tRNA Transfer RNA (tRNA): Cloverleaf shape Contains anticodon (triplet of bases, complementary to the codons found in the mRNA) Carries specific amino acid to ribosome during translation Translation Consists of 3 stages: Chain Initiation Chain Elongation Chain Termination Translation: Chain Initiation mRNA and tRNA join Codon + complementary anticodon • mRNA is AUG (start codon) • tRNA is UAC Translation: Chain Elongation Amino acids are added one by one by the following process: mRNA codon bonds with anticodon on tRNA Peptide bond is formed between new amino acid and the last one Translation: Chain Termination Elongation continues until a stop codon is reached (UAA, UAG, UGA) Water is added instead of an amino acid Polypeptide (protein) is released from ribosome DNA transcription amino acids mRNA Put it all together ribosome protein tRNA translation