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RNA, Transcription, & Translation • DNA carries instructions to make proteins. • Each protein has a specific job to do which helps you stay alive! • Each cell wants to keep its DNA safe and sound inside the nucleus. • RNA gets DNA’s instructions out of the nucleus and turned into a protein. DNA RNA Similar: • Is a nucleic acid • Made of nucleotides Similar: • Is a nucleic acid • Made of nucleotides Different from RNA: • 2 strands • Sugar is Deoxyribose • Has Thymine • A & T pair up • C & G pair up Different from DNA: • 1 strand • Sugar is Ribose • Has Uracil (*it replaces thymine) • A & U* pair up • C & G pair up 3 types of RNA 3 Types of RNA 1) Messenger RNA = mRNA – Copies DNA’s instructions – Carries the “message” out of the nucleus – Why can’t DNA leave the nucleus? • It’s like the original, you don’t want it messed up! • mRNA can act like a “disposable” photocopy of the instructions • And you can make a LOT of photocopies so a LOT of proteins can be made at the same time 3 Types of RNA 2) Ribosomal RNA = rRNA – A ribosome is made up of rRNA ! – Ribosomes: • read the message of mRNA and • make the protein 3 Types of RNA 3) Transfer RNA = tRNA – *A Protein is a chain of Amino Acids – tRNAs match the right Amino Acid to the right anti-codon – rRNA uses tRNA to translate the mRNA message into a protein Try this: If a strand of DNA says this: T C G G A C T A A A G C C U G A U U What will the strand of mRNA say? – Congratulations! You just did a process called transcription ! Transcription • When RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into to a complementary sequence of RNA • Transcribe = to write/copy down • When DNA’s instructions are copied by mRNA Enzyme Needed • RNA polymerase (an enzyme) – Unzips DNA and reads one strand – Uses DNA like a template to Create a strand of mRNA • Promoter regions on DNA – tell RNA polymerase where to start – RNA polymerase will only bind to promoters Transcription Translation • mRNA message is translated into a protein by rRNA and tRNA • mRNA is read 3 letters (bases) at a time • Each 3 letter “word” of mRNA is called a Codon • tRNA has an anti-codon on one side and an amino acid on the other • Start and stop codons tell ribosome where to start and stop TRANSLATION Protein (a chain of amino acids) tRNA Amino acid Anti-codon mRNA Ribosome Try This: DNA says this: A G C G T G C C A mRNA codons say: U C G- C A C- G G U tRNA anti-codons say: A G C- G U G- C C A tRNA amino acids: Serine-Histidine- Glycine Congratulations! You have just transcribed and translated DNA into a protein! • http://www.teachersdomain.org/reso urces/tdc02/sci/life/gen/proteinsyn th/index.html