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Psychopathology & Review
- extra credit due the last day of class. I
wont be there but turn it in to barbara or
any one of the ta’s.
9.00 Intro Psych
T.Konkle
9 May 2007
Agenda
(1) turn back papers
(2) shout outs
(3) quiz
(4) main points of the
psychopathology lectures
(5) some reconsolidation with
the right intentions…
shout outs
Attendance:
no absences for the course of the
semester, not even excused ones.
Quiz scorers:
all quiz scores that were OVER 100 PERCENT, all
scores that were 99%, excluding quizzes that
happened on absent days
Julia
Alvarez
Katherine
Boothe
Katherine
Boothe
Abraham
Rosenfeld
Tracey
Liu
Matthew
Serna
Trey
Reyher
Erica
Young
Abraham
Rosenfeld
Jennifer
Sim
Joseph
Wallins
Joseph
Wallins
Mariya
Gusman
Ken
Warnock
quiz
Psychopathology
the study of
mental illness
mood or affective disorders, anxiety
disorders, psychotic disorders,
eating disorders, developmental
disorders, personality disorders, and
many other categories
The DSM has also been criticized for
allegedly classifying behaviors that
are simply unacceptable in the
society of that time such as
homosexuality (listed in the DSM
until 1974).[23] Furthermore the
potential of conflict of interest has
also been questioned. Roughly 50%
of the authors who previously defined
psychiatric disorders have had or
have relations with drug
companies.[24]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statisti
cal_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders
Thinking about mental disorders
Question: Is it right to think of these as
disease? Why or why not?
but… consider ‘female hysteria’
take diabetes:
Diabetes results from lack of the
hormone insulin, which is essential
for the transfer of glucose from the
blood to the tissues.
Female hysteria was an incorrectly
diagnosed medical condition in Western
medicine that is not currently
acknowledged by the medical community.
It was a popular diagnosis in the Victorian
era for a wide array of symptoms including
faintness, nervousness, insomnia, fluid
retention, heaviness in abdomen, muscle
spasm, shortness of breath, irritability, loss
of appetite for food or sex, and a "tendency
to cause trouble"
Water massages as a
treatment for hysteria c.
1860
The profound reality:
A prevalent view:
well, if you can see a
difference in the brain in
people that have
depression and people that
are normal, then it
depression must be a
disease and not a social
problem.
“Whether it's society driving it
or biological marker, the brain's
going to show it! Who we are is
in our brains. because there's a
brain difference, it doesn't tell
you if it's a top down social
disease or a biological bottom up
disease.” – J.G.
Lets talk about treatment.
TRUE or FALSE: you know if you’ve got the right diagnosis for a mental
disorder if the person responds to treatment.
False: Sometimes this is true. For example, neuroleptic drugs given to
schizophrenics block DA receptors, which as lead to the dopamine theory of
schizophrenia.
But, in the case of ADHD, ritalin helps children with ADHD but also helps normal
children (e.g. the false alarm task, from lecture).
So, Schizophrenics are treated with neuroleptic drugs which keeps extra DA out of
the system.
Is this the same as giving insulin?
Does this fix the problem of schizophrenia?
No. Side effects of treating
Schizophrenia are tardive
diskensia. (or clozapine which
risks liver and immune
system)
“no drug 'treats' a disease.
they all 'manage' a disease.
they all have side effects.”
- J.G.
More treatment
We know that mental disorders have a biological basis, because minds come
from brains.
But, if these are mental disorders, can we treat them mentally?
disorder
what works best
OCD
therapy
Depression
Drugs and Therapy
ADHD
drugs
question: when should
you use a drug and when
shouldn't you?
in most cases it depends. any
extreme position is not going
to capture the reality present
in the data.
Question:
How do we study the brain?
… why?
Answers:
eeg
lesions
fmri
stimulation
single cell recording
THE GOAL
Hey ___, you took brain
classes at MIT. How do
they get these brain areas
lighting up? What do you make of it?
9.00 Introduction to Psychology
What do you see?
… When you see
it, KEEP IT TO
YOURSELF!
Talia Konkle
1 Mar 07
Basic Visual Pathway
World
Retina
LGN
V1
“What”
“Where”
W. W. Norton
Receptive Field
visual field
Retinotopy
neuron in V1
The visual system
adjusts itself.
• In time.
• In space.
• Why does it adjust?
– sensitivity and gain?
– neural fatigue?
– adjustment of priors? (effects in the opposite direction)
– Error correction?
Simultaneous [blur] contrast
(adjustment in space)
Face adaptation
(adjustment in time)
Visual Themes
-
-
our sense of the world is “constructed” from the input
processing of the world is highly dependent on our visual experience
Classical Conditioning
US
conditioning
CS
UR
Operant Conditioning
the process by which a behavior
becomes associated with it’s consequences
Shaping
gradual process of reinforcing an organism
for behavior that gets closer to the desired behavior
Some of my examples
What properties do you
want a memory device
to have?
-it should RECORD
what’s going on
now.
- it has to STORE
the information
- it can be
accessed at a
latter time…
TERMINOLOGY:
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
100 ms - Processing a visual stimulus…
Feel of the sand
I remember that one time…
beach
Smell of the ocean
In the NEOCORTEX
Sight of the beach
Priming
what’s priming? give an example…
dual coding - paivio
Memory
Implicit
Repetition
Priming
Neocortex
~2-30 seconds: Processing a visual stimulus…
Linking neocortex to
hippocampus
- HM with no hippocampus
can’t do this.
- necessary for the STORAGE
of new memories
In the HIPPOCAMPUS
Explicit – “I remember I saw that beach”
Memory
Implicit
Explicit
Semantic
Episodic
Priming
(with source memory)
Hippocampus
Neocortex
1-2 years: Processing a visual stimulus…
-this is the state of the
memory representation
for ~ 2 years…
- then, the memory is
consolidated. no longer
requires the
hippocampus.
In the Cortex
Consolidated Long Term Memories
Memory
Implicit
Explicit
Semantic
Episodic
Priming
(with source memory)
Hippocampus
Neocortex
(pre consolidation)
(post consolidation)
Neocortex
But there’s another
pathway for memory…
Memory
put explicit
memory off to
the side
Implicit
Explicit
Semantic
Episodic
Priming
(with source memory)
Hippocampus
Neocortex
(pre consolidation)
(post consolidation)
Neocortex
Skills
Learning A Skill
-involves the motor system
- requires repetition
- often improves with sleep
caudate
In The Basal Ganglia
(caudate nucleus)
Skill learning
- huntington’s, parkinsons
Memory
put explicit
memory off to
the side
Implicit
Explicit
Semantic
Episodic
Priming
Skills
Neocortex
Basal
Ganglia
(with source memory)
Hippocampus
Neocortex
(pre consolidation)
(post consolidation)
Conditioned
Responses
Cerebellum
What’s the difference between explicit and implicit?
Between priming and
Skills/Habits/
Conditioning?
Memory
Explicit
Semantic
Implicit
Episodic
Priming
Skills
Conditioned
Responses
(with source memory)
Neocortex
Hippocampus
Basal Ganglia
(pre consolidation)
-something you get in
ONE SHOT!
Neocortex
Cerebellum
(post consolidation)
- can happen with
OR WITHOUT
awareness!
- requires Repetition
- typically involves
the motor system
more ‘directely’
Sleep
behavioral signatures
neural signatures
Language and Thought
boroditsky
lakoff
Some of my Favorite Spatial Metaphors
•
GIVING A LECTURE
– are you following me so far?
– no, can you go back?
– you’re kind of jumping around…
– today we’re trying to cover a lot of ground. tomorrow, we’ll revisit
some of the points
•
BEING IN LOVE
– we’re going too fast
– look how far we’ve come
– we’re at a crossroads
– we just have to go our separate ways
– it’s been a long bumpy road
– I don’t think this relationship is going anywhere
•
COMMUNICATING
– it’s hard to get the idea across to him
– I gave you the idea
– your reasons came through to us
– try to pack more meaning into fewer words
– the idea is burried in terribly dense paragraphs
Language and thought
Representing the abstract in terms of the concrete
The objects of planet Gazoob
“tufa”
“tufa”
“tufa”
Intelligence
[defn] the ability to solve problems well and to understand and learn complex material
spearman’s
“g”
a single intellectual capacity
that underlies the positive
correlations between many
intelligence tests
gardner’s
multiple
intelligences
cattell and horn’s
fluid &
crystallized
8 forms of intelligence:
linguistic, spatial, musical, logical
bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal,
interpersonal, naturalist, existential
fluid – solutions to new problems
crystallized – knowing facts and
having the ability to combine
them
The Big Five
• of all the ways to characterize personality, certain characteristics
seem to come out again and again…and they are…
Openness
Conscientiousness (aka dependability)
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (aka emotional stability)
How do we find out
what babies know?
methods
Methods
Issues
Preferential Looking
- if you don’t see a preference, it
doesn’t mean the baby can’t tell the
difference between the stimuli.
Habituation
- do you expect a familiaritypreference or a novelty-preference?
Violation of Expectation
Eye Tracking
ERP
- you cant tell if they are preferring
the view they saw earlier, or just
have a preference for one of the
stimuli
- babies don’t sit still and they fuss
- getting parent’s to do this to their
kids?
Theories of development
Nativism
•
•
Infants are born with rich
knowledge of the structure
of the world
Core knowledge includes
knowledge about events
and objects
Constructivism/ Empiricism
• Infants are born into a
“blooming, buzzing
confusion”
• Must discover the structure of
the world by perceptual and
motor experience
Socio-economic theory
• older people pay more attention to positive things,
compared to young people. older people are happier by
self report
The aging brain:
- what’s the dominant trend in how the brain works as you
age?
- is this evidence of compensation or decline? how do we
know this?
What can you take from all this?
In the News
Machine Means End To Sleepless Nights
A new discovery could make it possible to take a "power nap" at the flick of a switch.
Scientists have found a way to turn on deep sleep at will using a machine that magnetically
stimulates the brain.
Sweet dreams
A device worn on the head could in squeeze the benefit of eight hours' sleep into just two or three
hours. Scientists in the US used a technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to induce
slow waves - indicative of the deepest phase of sleep and essential for learning ability and mood, in a
group of sleeping volunteers.
A TMS device sends harmless magnetic signals through the scalp and skull and into the brain, where
it activates electrical impulses.
The researchers found that positioning the TMS machine the right way triggered slow waves that
travelled throughout the brain.
Slow wave activity occupies 80% of sleeping hours.
During slow wave sleep, waves of electrical impulses wash across the brain at a rate of roughly one a
second. With each magnetic pulse, the volunteers' brains immediately generated slow waves typical of
deep sleep.
"Creating slow waves on demand could some day lead to treatments for insomnia," said study leader
Prof Giulio Tononi, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. "Theoretically, it could also lead to a
magnetically stimulated `power nap' which might confer the benefit of eight hours' sleep in just a few
hours.“
Prof Tononi believes sleep is essential to prevent the brain overloading.
Memory involves strengthening synapses - connections between brain cells formed by learning.
Sleep might allow the connections created during the day to relax at night, according to Prof Tononi.
In the News…
Keeping the brain in gear: Boomers eager to maintain cognitive fitness
The Philadelphia Inquirer
05/10/2007
PHILADELPHIA — Gerry Stride cracks wise about having a senior moment when she
forgets a name. But this baby boomer's fear of succumbing to dementia or
Alzheimer's disease is no joke. That's why Stride, 57, is a regular at the new "brain
gym" of the Medford Leas retirement campus in Medford, N.J., where she works as
director of community life. The exercise room contains eight computers loaded with
Posit Science's Brain Fitness Program, one of a growing number of software
applications designed to stimulate the mind and, say its designers, possibly stave off
mental decline.
..
By 2030, the number of Americans with dementia is expected to more than double
to 5.2 million, while those 65 and older with Alzheimer's is predicted to grow 50
percent, to 7.7 million.
In April, UCLA hosted a one-day $500 boot camp aimed at affluent boomers after
memory techniques, brain-healthy recipes and mind-building exercises. And the
handheld Brain Games, which Small created, hit Sharper Image and other stores in
January. For $19.99, the electronic device "cross-trains your brain," Small said.
In the last decade, research has shown that the brain changes in response to
stimulation, and that novel and complex learning adds neurons. Less certain is the
connection between rousing cells and warding off mind-robbing diseases.
http://www.montereyherald.com/health/ci_5861327
In the news…
Psychiatrists, Children and Drug Industry’s Role
When Anya Bailey developed an eating disorder after her 12th birthday,
her mother took her to a psychiatrist at the University of Minnesota
who prescribed a powerful antipsychotic drug called Risperdal.
Skip to next paragraph Prescription for Influence
Beyond the Label
The New York Times
Created for schizophrenia, Risperdal is not approved to treat eating
disorders, but increased appetite is a common side effect and doctors
may prescribe drugs as they see fit. Anya gained weight but within two
years developed a crippling knot in her back. She now receives regular
injections of Botox to unclench her back muscles. She often awakens
crying in pain.
Drug makers underwrite decision makers at every level of care. They
pay doctors who prescribe and recommend drugs, teach about the
underlying diseases, perform studies and write guidelines that other
doctors often feel bound to follow.
But studies present strong evidence that financial interests can affect
decisions, often without people knowing it.
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/10/health/10psyche.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
In the news…
Brain's White Matter More 'Talkative' Than Once Thought
Article Date: 09 May 2007 - 23:00 PDT
Johns Hopkins scientists have discovered to their surprise that nerves in the mammalian
brain's white matter do more than just ferry information between different brain
regions, but in fact process information the way gray matter cells do.
The discovery in mouse cells, outlined in Nature Neuroscience, shows that brain cells "talk"
with each other in more ways than previously thought.
"We were surprised to see these nerve axons talking to other cells in the white matter,"
says Dwight Bergles, Ph.D., an associate professor of neuroscience at Hopkins.
The discovery focuses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), whose main role when
they mature into oligodendrocytes is to wrap themselves around and insulate nerves with
a whitish coat of protective myelin. The immature cells simply hang around and divide very
slowly, waiting to be spurred into action.
To learn more about OPCs that reside in the brain's white matter, the Johns Hopkins
researchers measured activity from individual precursor cells in the corpus callosum, a
region of white matter that connects the two brain hemispheres. To their surprise, OPCs
were found to have electrical signals produced by the neurotransmitter glutamate, similar
to the signals used as the principle means of cell-to-cell communication and information
processing in the gray matter. The phenomenon was unlikely, they said, because in the
mouse brain, OPCs in the myelin-rich white matter are far from synapses, the points of
contact between nerves where glutamate is released.
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