Download Cell Structure

Chapter 7-2
Cell Structure
& Function
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
GPS Standard
• SAP1. Students will analyze
anatomical structures in relationship
to their physiological functions.
• d. Relate cellular metabolism and
transport to homeostasis and cellular
reproduction.
Nucleus
Function:
1. To control
the activities
of the cell
2. Houses
the DNA
(genetic
material
• Found in all eukaryotic cells
• First identified by botanist Robert Brown
• Surrounded by a porous nuclear envelope
Nuclear Envelope/Membrane
• A double membrane
barrier that
surrounds the
nucleus.
• Contains nuclear
pores that materials
pass through
Function:
Allows things to pass into and out of the
nucleus (it is selectively permeable)
Nucleolus
• A dense region inside the nucleus
Function: Makes ribosomes
Chromatin / Chromosomes
•Structure inside the nucleus that contains the
DNA
•Called chromatin when the cell is not dividing
and called chromosomes when the cell is
dividing.
• Function:
Passes DNA to
new cells
Plasma (Cell) Membrane
• Made of two layers
of phospholipids
(lipid bilayer) with
embedded proteins
• Forms a flexible
barrier between the
cell and its
surroundings
Function: Controls what enters and
leaves the cell (Selectively Permeable)
Cytoplasm
• Material between
the cell membrane
and the nucleus
• Jelly-like fluid that
surrounds the
organelles
Function: It allows transportation within
the cell and provides an environment for
the organelles
Vacuole
• Saclike structures
• Usually large in plant cells and smaller and
more numerous in animal cells
Function:
1. Stores water,
food, & waste
2. Provides
pressure for
support in
plant cells
Mitochondria
• It is a double
membrane
organelle
• The inner
membrane is
folded to
increase
surface area
Function: Release energy stored in food and
produce ATP (an energy molecule) during
cellular respiration (the powerhouse of the cell)
Ribosomes
• Small bodies made up of RNA and proteins
• Found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the
ER
• Made of two subunits that fit together
Function: To make
proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• The ER is an
extensively folded,
internal membrane
• Rough ER has
ribosomes attached
to its surface
• Smooth ER does
not have ribosomes
Function: Assembles, modifies, and
transports cellular products
Golgi Apparatus
• It consists of six
or seven
flattened
membrane sacs
• Discovered by
Camillo Golgi
Function: To collect and package
proteins and lipids modified in the ER
LYSOSOMES
• Lysosomes are
spherical organelles
in the cytoplasm.
• They contain
digestive enzymes.
Function: They digest
and recycle used
components of the cell,
cell invaders, and prey
Peroxisomes
• Detoxify harmful
• Membrane sacs that
substances like alcohol
contain oxidase
and formaldehyde
• Found a lot in the
• Disarm dangerous free
liver and kidneys
radicals
Cytoskeleton
• Crisscrossed
network of proteins
fibers
1. Microtubules –
hollow tubes of
protein
2. Microfilaments –
long, thin protein
fibers
Function: Supports the shape of cells and
anchors its organelles
Centrioles
• Found only in
animal cells
• Made of bundles
of microtubules
• Function: Helps
with cell division
Flagella
• Long, hair-like
structures
• Composed of
bundled
microtubules that
project from the
cell’s surface
Function: Used for locomotion (movement)
Cilia
• Hair-like structures
that are smaller
and more
numerous than
flagella
Function: Locomotion
– moving the entire
cell or for moving
substances past the
cell