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Transcript
Chapter 6 Cell Biology History of Cells Robert Hooke – coined term “cell” Anton von Leuweenhoek – discovered bacteria, blood, microorganisms Robert Brown – discovered Nucleus Mathias Schleiden – “All plants are made up of cells” Theodor Schwann – “All animals are made up of cells” Robert Virchow – Cells reproduce Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells, and cell products. All cells come from pre-existing cells Where did the first cell come from? Cell Types Prokaryotes – no nucleus or organelles. Eukaryotes – nucleus, organelles Classification of Life 5 Kingdom System Monera – prokaryotes Plants – eukaryote, cell wall, chlorophyll Fungi – eukaryote, cell wall, no chlorophyll Animal – eukaryote, no wall, multicellular Protista – eukaryote, no wall, unicellular Basic Cell Structures Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell Membrane Double layer of Phospolipids – barrier Proteins embedded in lipids Receptors for outside molecules Carriers for moving things in or out of cell Cell connections Fluid Mosaic Model – membrane is a liquid with proteins floating around in it. Selectively permeable – only certain things can pass in or out of the cell. Cytoplasm Mostly made up of water Contains all cell organelles Carries out all cell chemistry Moves by cytoplasmic streaming Nucleus Control center of the cell Double layered membrane Large nuclear pores Chromatin – DNA material (unraveled) Chromosomes – Coiled DNA (visible) Nucleolus – dark spot in nucleus, site of ribosome and RNA synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum Double layered membranes 3-D system of canals folding back and forth around the cell Transports proteins within cell 2 Types of ER Rough ER – covered with ribosomes Smooth ER – no ribosomes Ribosomes Made up of protein and RNA Produce all cell proteins Proteins produced usually enter the ER to be transported someplace Golgi Flattened layers of double membrane sacs Vesicles found around it Package materials for secretion Lysosomes Single membrane bound sacs of digestive enzymes within the cell Suicide sacs – release of enzymes for programmed self-destruction of the cell. Mitochondria Power house of cell Cell respiration – breaks down glucose to produce ATP for cell activities Double membrane with inner one folded to increase the surface area (ISA) Cristae – inner folded membrane, contains enzymes for respiration Contains some DNA Vacuoles Single membrane bound storage sacs Types: Water vacuoles Food vacuoles Contractile vacuoles Pigment storage Chloroplasts Only found in plant cells Photosynthesis Double layered membrane with inner one forming multiple stacks (ISA) Grana – inner membranes contain enzymes for photosynthesis Chlorophyll found on inner membrane Contains some DNA Cytoskeleton Microfilaments –hair-like protein threads Microtubules – hollow protein tubes Involved with cell structure and movement Cell structures made up of microtubules Centrioles – function in cell division Cilia – short, numerous, whip-like action Flagella – long, few, propeller action