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Chapter 6
Cell Biology
History of Cells
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Robert Hooke – coined term “cell”
Anton von Leuweenhoek – discovered
bacteria, blood, microorganisms
Robert Brown – discovered Nucleus
Mathias Schleiden – “All plants are
made up of cells”
Theodor Schwann – “All animals are
made up of cells”
Robert Virchow – Cells reproduce
Cell Theory
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All living things are made up of cells,
and cell products.
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All cells come from pre-existing cells
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Where did the first cell come from?
Cell Types
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Prokaryotes – no nucleus or organelles.
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Eukaryotes – nucleus, organelles
Classification of Life
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5 Kingdom System
Monera – prokaryotes
Plants – eukaryote, cell wall, chlorophyll
Fungi – eukaryote, cell wall, no chlorophyll
Animal – eukaryote, no wall, multicellular
Protista – eukaryote, no wall, unicellular
Basic Cell Structures
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Cell Membrane
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Cytoplasm
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Nucleus
Cell Membrane
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Double layer of Phospolipids – barrier
Proteins embedded in lipids
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Receptors for outside molecules
Carriers for moving things in or out of cell
Cell connections
Fluid Mosaic Model – membrane is a liquid
with proteins floating around in it.
Selectively permeable – only certain things
can pass in or out of the cell.
Cytoplasm
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Mostly made up of water
Contains all cell organelles
Carries out all cell chemistry
Moves by cytoplasmic streaming
Nucleus
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Control center of the cell
Double layered membrane
Large nuclear pores
Chromatin – DNA material (unraveled)
Chromosomes – Coiled DNA (visible)
Nucleolus – dark spot in nucleus, site of
ribosome and RNA synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Double layered membranes
3-D system of canals folding back and
forth around the cell
Transports proteins within cell
2 Types of ER
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Rough ER – covered with ribosomes
Smooth ER – no ribosomes
Ribosomes
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Made up of protein and RNA
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Produce all cell proteins
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Proteins produced usually enter the ER
to be transported someplace
Golgi
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Flattened layers of double membrane
sacs
Vesicles found around it
Package materials for secretion
Lysosomes
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Single membrane bound sacs of
digestive enzymes within the cell
Suicide sacs – release of enzymes for
programmed self-destruction of the cell.
Mitochondria
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Power house of cell
Cell respiration – breaks down glucose
to produce ATP for cell activities
Double membrane with inner one folded
to increase the surface area (ISA)
Cristae – inner folded membrane,
contains enzymes for respiration
Contains some DNA
Vacuoles
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Single membrane bound storage sacs
Types:
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Water vacuoles
Food vacuoles
Contractile vacuoles
Pigment storage
Chloroplasts
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Only found in plant cells Photosynthesis
Double layered membrane with inner
one forming multiple stacks (ISA)
Grana – inner membranes contain
enzymes for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll found on inner membrane
Contains some DNA
Cytoskeleton
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Microfilaments –hair-like protein threads
Microtubules – hollow protein tubes
Involved with cell structure and
movement
Cell structures made up of microtubules
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Centrioles – function in cell division
Cilia – short, numerous, whip-like action
Flagella – long, few, propeller action