Download 000 EXAM 2 study guide

BIO 110 EXAM #2 STUDY GUIDE
Understand beginning vocabulary for all chapters (usually the first problem at the end of the chapter).
CHAPTER 5
1. Example problems to understand/work:
A. Chapter 5 Solved Problems I and II.
B. Chapter 5, problem 7, 8
C. EXAMPLE PROBLEM: In Drosophila, the recessive pr and cn mutations cause brown and
bright-red eyes, respectively (wild-type flies have brick red eyes). The double mutant pr cn
combination has orange eyes. A female who has wild-type eyes is crossed to an orangeeyed male. Their progeny have the following distribution: Wild-type 9, Brown 239, Brightred 241, Orange 11. Which are the parental classes? What is the recombination
frequency? Can you draw out parental, F1 and F2 crosses?
D. Rework previously assigned problems 2, 3, 10, 18, 35 a and b
E. Rework UCLA Interactive CD problems: LINKAGE 1-4, 5 if you have time.
F. Remember the easy way to identify in a 3-point cross which gene is in the middle using the
double cross over offspring.
2. Know and remember table 5.1 (Properties of Linked Versus Unlinked Genes) when solving
problems. What do recombination frequencies equal to 50% suggest? What do recombination
frequencies less that 50% suggest? Remember that "wild-type" is not always "parental".
Usually parental classes are noted.
3. Understand how to calculate recombination frequencies.
4. Consider the Chi-square analysis - you will not do a Chi-square problem, but please
understand what it accomplishes. Why is one of these hypotheses more appropriate for a null
hypothesis? Options: "the genes are linked" , "the genes are not linked".
5. Understand Mitotic Recombination and Cancer formation image under Genetics and Society.
CHAPTER 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Understand recombination.
Understand Hershey & Chase experiment.
Know where linear and circular DNA might be found.
Know what bonds exist within nucleotides, between nucleotides and between DNA strands.
Understand polarity.
What carbons of the deoxyribose sugar are involved in the forming of phosphodiester bonds in
a single strand of DNA and how does that relate to polarity? How are those carbons
differentiated from the carbons present in the nitrogenous bases?
7. Recognize the complementary sequence of a strand of DNA (rework problem 11). Keep in
mind if the question is asked in multiple choice to be aware of polarity of available answers.
8. Understand/be able to draw a bidirectional replication form (rework 6.19, 6.22, 6.23).
9. Differentiate between the polarity of DNA synthesis and the DNA template.
10. Recognize the structural differences between pyrimidines and purines.
11. What is a heteroduplex region? D-loop? Holliday junction?
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CHAPTER 7
1. What is the definition of mutation?
2. Understand insertion, deletion, translocation, point mutation. Which mutation is least like to
revert? Example problems: 7.2, 7.9, 7.30
3. Understand the Luria Delbruck fluctuation experiment.
4. What is intragenic suppression? Crick and Brenner found it occurred often – what did that
indicate?
5. What is a complementation group?
6. Understand how to read complementation tables and draw a biosynthetic pathway as well as
the location of the mutations. Sample problems: 7.27, 7.30, 7.34, 7.37.
7. What are DNA repair mechanisms and how do they repair DNA?
8. In general – how do each of these mutagens modify DNA (base change or insertion or
deletion?).
A. Alkylating agents, base analogs, deaminating agents, hydroxylating agents, intercalating
agents.
CHAPTER 8
1. Understand polarity as it relates to the DNA template, mRNA molecule and a polypeptide.
2. What are exons? Introns?
3. Understand what it means to say the genetic code is degenerate, unambiguous, nonoverlapping, and has relaxed base-pairing rules at the 3rd base due to wobble.
4. Know start and stop codons from the genetic code. Does a stop codon code for an amino
acid? If you had a sequence of 30 nucleotides that included one stop codon, how many amino
acids would you produce?
5. Recognize the mechanisms of intragenic suppression and how they restore gene function.
6. Understand the implications of these mutations: silent, missense, nonsense.
7. Understand an open reading frame. Example problem 8.14. If you have a piece of doublestranded DNA that does not have any stop codons, how many open reading frames do you
have?
8. Understand the terms: template strand, RNA-like strand and how they relate to polarity.
9. Be able to describe how dosage determines type of mutation. Be able to differentiate between
loss of function and gain of function alleles.
CHAPTER 14
1. In human beings – when is maternal mitochondrion distributed?
2. How are organelles inherited – by what mechanism?
3. How are reciprocal crosses different in organellar inheritance as compared to chromosomal
inheritance?
4. Define homoplasmic and heteroplasmic.
5. Understand the origin of variegate branches/leaves in 4-o'clocks. What is the outcome for a
seedling that is homoplasmic for white branches?
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6. What is the threshold effect?
7. Non-Mendelian extranuclear inheritance is inherited from which parent?
8. Is the Universal Genetic Code used for chromosomal DNA the same or different from the code
used in mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA)?
9. How can you tell that a pedigree is demonstrating organellar, uniparental or maternal
inheritance? What affects severity? Example problem: 14.21. Example figures: 14.14, 14.16,
14.17
10. Can an individual have three parents? Understand Oocyte Nuclear Transplantation for
mitochondrial disorders.
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