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Simulating Protein Synthesis to create a CHNOPS! Read the following to help you complete a successful CHNOPS organism. Genes are the units that determine inherited characteristics such as hair color as blood type. Genes consist of DNA molecules that code for the proteins our cells make. The sequence of nucleotides (and therefore the sequence of bases) in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins. During transcription, which takes place in the nucleus of the cell, messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are built along the DNA sequence into a single RNA strand. mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome where proteins are made. The 3-base codons in the mRNA strand will pair up with anticodons on the transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. Each tRNA carries an amino acid to the ribosome, and these amino acids link together to form a protein. The process in which the original DNA information (carried by the mRNA) is transferred into a protein is called translation. In this investigation you will simulate the process of transcription and translation to create the proteins that will develop the characteristic traits of your CHNOPS. What is a CHNOPS? It is a simple organism that contains only one chromosome. This chromosome is made up of 6 genes (A, B, C, D, E, F). Each gene is responsible for a certain trait of the organism. What does a CHNOPS look like? Well, that’s for you to show us! PROCEDURE: 1. To determine the trait for Gene A of your CHNOPS, notice the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA. On the line provided, write the sequence of nucleotides of mRNA that are complementary to DNA (this step represents transcription). 2. In order to determine the sequence of amino acids, use the codon chart to determine your amino acid sequence, and record this in the data table (this step represents translation). 3. Using the trait chart, find the trait that matches the amino acid sequence. Record the information in the data table. 4. Repeat the steps for the remaining genes (B through F). 5. Complete the analysis questions and create a drawing of your CHNOPS. All CHNOPS should contain school appropriate distinguishing marks. NO INAPPROPRIATE PARTS. Analysis Questions: 1. What does the sequence of DNA determine? (directly) 2. What does that (answer from above) control about an organism? 3. Complete the Venn Diagram about transcription and translation. Put at least two pieces of information in each of the three areas. i. TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION 4. What is the specific site for transcription & translation in the cell? 5. Suppose you knew the makeup of specific proteins in a cell. How would you determine the particular DNA code that coded for them? (Hint: Given the trait, how would you find the DNA) 6. How could one change in a DNA nucleotide alter the formation of the translated protein? An example would be the difference between normal and sickle-cell hemoglobin) Amino Acid Sequence Trait Tryptophane, Proline, Isoleucine BLACK SPOTS Tryptophan, Valine, Isoleucine STRIPES Asparagine, Alanine FOUR LEGS Proline, Serine, Phenylalanine, Glycine LONG TAIL Valine, Serine, Phenylalanine, Glycine NO TAIL Lysine, Phenylalanine CURLY HAIR Lysine, Tyrosine STRAIGHT HAIR Proline, Glutamine, Alanine RED SKIN Proline, Glutamine, Glutamine GREEN SKIN Threonine, Threonine, Aspartatic Acid MALE (baseball cap) Threonine, Threonine, Leucine FEMALE (bow in hair) Draw your CHNOPS Below: CHNOPS #:_________ Name: _______________________ Date: ________________ Period: _____ CHNOPS #1 Transcribe and translate the following DNA codes to find out what characteristics your CHNOPS has. Use the charts provided to determine the amino acid sequence and the protein traits of your CHNOPS. Once you have determined the traits of your CHNOPS, build a model to show the class what it looks like. Then answer the questions on the back of this sheet. Gene A DNA: ACC CAT TAT mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene B DNA: TTG CGA mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene C DNA: TTT ATG mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence ______________________ _________________________ ______________________ Trait _________________ Trait _________________ Trait ________________ Gene D DNA: GGA GTT CGA mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene E DNA: GGG AGG AAA CCC mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene F DNA: TGT TGT CTA mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence ______________________ _________________________ ______________________ Trait _________________ Trait _________________ Trait ________________ Name: _______________________ Date: ________________ Period: _____ CHNOPS #2 Transcribe and translate the following DNA codes to find out what characteristics your CHNOPS has. Use the charts provided to determine the amino acid sequence and the protein traits of your CHNOPS. Once you have determined the traits of your CHNOPS, build a model to show the class what it looks like. Then answer the questions on the back of this sheet. Gene A DNA: ACC CAT TAT mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene B DNA: TTG CGA mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene C DNA: TTT AAA mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence ______________________ _________________________ ______________________ Trait _________________ Trait _________________ Trait ________________ Gene D DNA: GGA GTT GTT mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene E DNA: CAT AGG AAA CCC mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene F DNA: TGT TGT AAT mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence ______________________ _________________________ ______________________ Trait _________________ Trait _________________ Trait ________________ Name: _______________________ Date: ________________ Period: _____ CHNOPS #3 Transcribe and translate the following DNA codes to find out what characteristics your CHNOPS has. Use the charts provided to determine the amino acid sequence and the protein traits of your CHNOPS. Once you have determined the traits of your CHNOPS, build a model to show the class what it looks like. Then answer the questions on the back of this sheet. Gene A DNA: ACC GGA TAT mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene B DNA: TTG CGA mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene C DNA: TTT AAG mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence ______________________ _________________________ ______________________ Trait _________________ Trait _________________ Trait ________________ Gene D Gene E DNA: GGA GTT CGG DNA: GGT AGG AAA CCC mRNA _________________ mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Amino Acid Sequence Gene F DNA: TGT TGT GAC mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence ______________________ _________________________ ______________________ Trait _________________ Trait _________________ Trait ________________ Name: _______________________ Date: ________________ Period: _____ CHNOPS #4 Transcribe and translate the following DNA codes to find out what characteristics your CHNOPS has. Use the charts provided to determine the amino acid sequence and the protein traits of your CHNOPS. Once you have determined the traits of your CHNOPS, build a model to show the class what it looks like. Then answer the questions on the back of this sheet. Gene A DNA: ACC GGA TAT mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene B DNA: TTG CGA mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene C DNA: TTT ATG mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence ______________________ _________________________ ______________________ Trait _________________ Trait _________________ Trait ________________ Gene D DNA: GGA GTT GTT mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene E DNA: CAT AGG AAA CCC mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence Gene F DNA: TGT TGT CTA mRNA _________________ Amino Acid Sequence ______________________ _________________________ ______________________ Trait _________________ Trait _________________ Trait ________________