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H Biology Organelles
7.2 Cell Structure
Define the term cell: basic unit of structure and function in living things
Define the term organelle: specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within eukaryotic
cells
Structure
Function
P
E
P
Cellular
Control
Center
Nucleus
CONTROL CENTER
OF CELL,
CONTAINS DNA
Nucleolus
Site of ribosome
synthesis
Chromatin
Stores hereditary
info - Complex of
DNA bound to
proteins
Condensed
chromatin – found
during cell division
Double membrane
lined with pores
Pores that allow
substances to enter
and leave nucleus
Store materials
Plant – central –
large stores water
Contractile – rids
organism of excess
water
Store and move
materials between
cell organelles and
to/from cell surface
Contain digestive
enzymes to break
down and recycle
macromolecules
Maintain cell shape;
Chromosomes
Nuclear
Membrane
Nuclear pore
Organelles
that store,
clean-up,
and support
Vacuoles
Vesicles
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Structure/Sketch
ANALOGY
A
Main
office/boss/
computer
Flash
drive/hard
drive store
info
Storage area
Rare
Clean up
crew/
recycling
center
Beams of
move cell parts, help
cell move
Organelles
that build
proteins
Microtubules
Maintain cell shape,
make up cilia,
flagella and
centrioles
Microfilaments
Contribute to cell
movement
Centrioles
Organize cell
division
Ribosomes
Site of protein
synthesis
Assembles lipids
and proteins,
provides pathway
for molecules to
move w/in cell
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Rough ER
Has ribosomes –
produces proteins
Smooth ER
No ribosomes –
builds lipids,
detoxifies
Modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins
and lipids for
storage or
transport out of cell
Convert solar
energy to chemical
energy (carbs)
stored in food
Golgi apparatus
Organelles
that
capture and
release
ENERGY
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis
(see below)
Secretary
bc they
organize
Workers
Highway /
conveyor
belt
Post office /
shipping
center
Solar power
plant
Mitochondria
Convert chemical
energy in food to
usable compounds
Powerhouse
power plant
Cell Wall
Shapes, supports
and protects the
cell
Regulates materials
entering and leaving
Gate
Cellular Respiration
Cellular
Boundaries
building
Cell Membrane
Door/Gate
keeper
Fluid
portion
outside of
nucleus
Cytoplasm
cell; protects and
supports cell
Jelly like material
(even
though
no
nucleus)
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
o Describe the steps involved in the synthesis, packaging, and exporting of a protein from a cell. Proteins
assembled on ribosomes (if targeted for export to cm or to specialized locations w/in cell, complete
their assembly on RER protein in vesicle  Golgi apparatus (further modifies, proteins before sorting
and packaging them in membrane bound vesicles  vesicle  final destination
o What are the two major parts of the cell? Cytoplasm with organelles, and nucleus
o How do contractive vacuoles help maintain water balance? Pump out excess water
o What is the difference between rough and smooth ER? Rough has ribosomes, smooth does not
o Why is the cell membrane sometimes referred to as a fluid mosaic? What part of the cell membrane acts like
a fluid? And what makes it like a mosaic? It is made of many parts (like a mosaic) that can float around
in the fluid phospholipid bilayer
o How do the properties of lipids help explain the structure of the cell membrane? Hydrophilic lipid heads are
attracted to water, hydrophobic fatty acid tails turn away from water. A bilayer forms when heads
turn outward towards water inside and outside a cell
o Why do you think it’s important that cell membranes are selectively permeable? Allows needed substances
to enter and wastes to leave, while keeping molecules that are not needed out