Download Chapter 12 “DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis” Reading/Study Guide

Chapter 12 “DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis” Reading/Study Guide
Name___________________________________Per.________Date__________
Section 12-1 DNA (pg. 287)
1. Define the following terms:
a. transformation-
b. bacteriophage-
c. nucleotide-
d. base-pairing-
2. The following scientists all contributed to solving the mystery of heredity and the double
helix. Describe what each did, and if given, what experiment they used:
a. Frederick Griffith
b. Oswald Avery-
c. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase-
d. Erwin Chargaff-
e. Linus Pauling and Robert Corey-
f. Rosalind Franklin-
g. James Watson and Francis Crick-
h. Sydney Brenneri. Walter Gilbert, Allan Maxam and Frederick Sanger-
3. What is the Human Genome Project? (look at the DNA timeline)4. How do you describe Watson and Crick’s DNA model (see gold key on pg. 293)?
5. what are the 4 kinds of bases found in DNA?
6. How did Watson and Crick’s model explain why there are equal amounts of thymine and
adenine in DNA?
7. why did Hershey and Chase grow viruses in cultures that contained both radioactive
phosphorous and radioactive sulfur? Why might have happened if they had used only
one radioactive substance?
8. DNA has several parts. Using the diagram on page 291 as a guide, draw the section of
DNA and label the following parts: Adenine, Guanine, Purines, Cytosine, thymine,
Pyrimidines, Phosphate group, Deoxyribose
9. What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine? Which 2 nitrogen bases are
purines and which 2 are pyrimidines?
10. Which nitrogen base always pairs with adenine? Cytosine?
11. What type of bond holds the 2 sides of the DNA molecule together?
Section 12-2 Chromosomes and DNA replication (pg. 295)
12. Define the following terms:
a. chromatin-
b. histonec. DNA polymerase-
d. Replicatione. Nucleosome13. How does DNA in prokaryotes differ from that in eukaryotes?
14. How many times more base pairs of DNA do a human cell contain than a bacterium cell?
15. What do nucleosomes do?
16. What happens during DNA replication and how does it occur?
17. What is a replication fork?
18. Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells? Where is it located in prokaryotic cells?
Section 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis (pg. 300)
19. What are 3 differences between RNA and DNA?
20. There are 3 types of RNA. Draw and label a diagram of each and give the FUNCTION
for each type.
21. What happens during transcription?
22. What is the purpose of RNA polymerase?
23. What is the purpose of a promoter in transcription?
24. Before mRNA is sent into the cytoplasm, it is edited. Where do these terms fit into that
process?
a. introns-
b. exons-
c. cap-
d. tail-
25. What is a codon and what is it encoding? How many different codons are there?
26. How many different amino acids are there? Do all of them have the same number of
codons? Why or why not?
27. What is the universal start codon and what are the 3 stop codons?
28. What happens during translation?
29. What is the function of each of these in translation?
a. ribosome-(rRNA)-
b. tRNA-
c. mRNAd. anticodon30. How does an anticodon compare to a codon?
12-4-Mutations (pg. 307)
31. What is a mutation?
32. What is the difference between a gene mutation and a chromosome mutation?
33. What is a point mutation?
34. What is frameshift mutation?
35. Draw diagrams showing the following chromosomal mutations:
a. deletion-
b. duplication-
c. inversion-
d. translocation-
Section 12-5 Gene Regulation (pg. 309)
36. Explain the function of each of these in gene expression in bacteria.
a. promoter-
b. regulatory site-
c. operon-
d. operator-
e. repressor-
37. Eukaryotic gene regulation differs from that of bacterial cells. How are most eukaryotic
genes regulated?
38. What is a hox gene and how important are they?