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Cell Structures & Functions Name _____________________________ assign.# ________ Unit goals: (what I should be able to do) Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. 1. Explain the role of cell ____________________ for both ________________ and ________________ cells. 2. What is a cell? -All living things are made of ___________ structures called cells. -A cell is the smallest unit of __________. 3-6. Cell Scientists Robert Hooke-1665 One of the ___ people to see cells. He saw _______ Cells. 7.. Cell Theory Theodor Schwann -1839 Concluded that ______ __________ are made up of cells Matthias Schleiden -1839 Concluded that _____ _________ are made up of cells 1- All living things are made up of _________ 2- All cells come from ______________ cells 3- Cells are the _________ unit of structure & function in ____________ things. 7-8 What are cells made of? Cells are ______% water. Of the remaining: ______ % protein, _______% carbohydrates, 15% _______________________ , ____________% lipids. 10% miscellaneous 2 Basic Types of Cells 8. 9-11. _________________Cells DO HAVE • Cell membrane • Ribosomes • _________________ DO NOT HAVE • _________________ • Nucleus -Are all singled celled organisms. Ex: __________ -Thought of as more ________________life -All single forms. -Size: _________________________ _________________Cells • Have ____________________. • Believed to have ___________ from prokaryotic cells (Theory of Endosymbiosis). • Can be _____________-celled or ___________-cellular organisms. EX: ____________________________ -Size: ___________________________ *Why are cells so small? _______________ __________________________________ __________________________________ 1 Georgia Bio Standards: SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and function in living cells. a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion). 13. Cell Organization: Cell Membrane: • The outside of all cells are surrounded by a membrane made of ____________________. • Nickname: “___________________” • Membranes are _________________ 15. & 16. Cell Wall: _____________ and ____________ cells also have a _______ _________ outside of the cell membrane. Plant cell wall are made of ____________. Fungi cell walls are made of ______________. Cell walls can also be found _____________. 19. Inside the cell: VOCAB: What does “Selectively Permeable (Semi-permeable)” mean? The cell wall provides ______________ and ________________ for these cells. Plant Cell The inside of the cell is called the ________________. 21. Cell Organelles: 22. Organelle means “__________ ___________.” Organelle 24. 27. Nucleus Ribosomes 29. Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Appratus 33. Each organelle has a ___________________ function so that the cell can do its __________. They ___________the __________ and provide different environments for different functions. Function Sketch • The “_________” • Contains the ______________ • DNA __________ which proteins get made-and when! • Where _________________ are made • Has a _________________________ bilayer • Nuclear ______________ allow substances to move _____ and out. • DNA ____________ leaves the nucleus • • • • Nickname: “___________ ________________” Place where __________________ are made. They help put the __________ ___________ together to make proteins. Made of the nucleic acid-_________. • Membrane system: Function involves _______________ ______________________ & _______________________. • Can be thought of as a ______________ and a place of protein synthesis. 2 types: • ___________________ -No attached ribosomes - Synthesis of Lipids • ___________________ -Attached ribosomes More on ER: Branches off from the ____________ membrane. • Nickname: “_____________” • _________________ molecules and ___________ them to their destination. • _____________ to make sure the molecules are put together _________________, if not correct it sends them back to the ER. 2 Georgia Bio Standards: SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and function in living cells. a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion). Organelle Lysosomes 36. 37. Vacuoles 40. Chloroplasts 41. Mitochondria Cilia and Flagella Function Sketch • Nickname “_______________ _________________” • Has _______________ ENZYMES that breakdown and recycle molecules: • _________ cell parts • Invaders • • • • • • __________ and _______________containers. Plants usually have ______ _________________ vacuole. Animals generally have __________ _________________ ones. When used for Transport: Sometimes known as ________________. Involved in the ___________ of cellular waste products Play a role in ______________ pressure in plant cells • Site of _________________ in plants and some ________________.. • Requires ________________. • • • • Nickname: “__________________________” Site of __________________ production ATP is the universal _______________ molecule Energy is stored in the bonds of _____________. • Help single celled organisms to ___________________. • cilia - __________, numerous flagella - __________, fewer • Without the cytoskeleton, the cell would have no _______. By allowing the cell to keep shape, the cell is allowed to function and stay in ___________________. 42. Cytoskelton 1-Microfilaments – Help give the cell ____________, and __________________ in cytoplasm. 2-Microtubules -Aids in chromosome _______________, movement of ________________, cilia and PLANT CELL: Label it!!! _________. ANIMAL CELL: Label it!!! 3 Georgia Bio Standards: SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and function in living cells. a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion). Book Work: On your own: Vocabulary REVIEW: On your own 48. Notes How are organisms organized? • Cells make up __________________. • Tissues make up _________________. • Organs make up _____________ ________________. • Organ Systems make up _____________________. Vocabulary: (***give the function for the organelles. What do they do?) QUIZ ON :____________ 1. Cell 2. Cell Theory 3. Prokaryote 4. Eukaryote 5. Mitochondrion 6. Vacuole 7. Cell Membrane 8. Chloroplasts 9. Cell Wall 10. Lysosome 11. Gogli Apparatus 12. Nucleus 13. Nuclear Envelope 14. Cytoplasm 15. Organelle 16. Nucleolus 17. Ribosome 18. Endoplasmic Reticulum 4 Georgia Bio Standards: SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and function in living cells. a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion). Seeing Cells Lab 1. Bacteria Cells Obtain a slide labeled “bacteria” Label the cell (plasma) membrane. o What is the cell membrane made of? Be specific? _____________________________________ What kind of organism do these cells come from (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)? _______________ 2. Onion Cells Obtain a slice of thin onion. Stain it with iodine. Observe it under 100 magnifications and draw exactly what you see. Label the cell wall and nucleus. o What molecule can be found in the nucleus? _________ What kind of organism do these cells come from? (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) (Plant or Animal)? ___________________________ 3. Blood Cells Obtain a slide that has a prepare sample of blood. What type of blood is it?_____________________. Observe it under 100 magnifications and draw exactly what you see. Label any parts that you can see. What kind of organism do these cells come from? (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) (Plant or Animal)? __________________________ 4. Elodea Leaf View the Elodea Leaf at 100magnification. Make a sketch and label anything you see. 1) What type of organism is it? Animal, plant, bacteria, or Fungi? How do you know? Mag:______ Mag:______ Mag:______ Elodea Leaf 2) Eukaryotic or prokaryotic? How do you know? 3) What are the green “balls” inside each cell? What do they do? Post Lab Questions: 1. Were any of the cells you observed today prokaryotic? If so, which ones? 2. Were any of the cells you observed today eukaryotic? If so, which ones? 3. Are all cells the same shape? Why or why not? 4. What types of organisms are not made of cells? 5. What part of the cell is “in charge” of allowing only certain things to come in and go out of the cell, thereby maintaining homeostasis? 7. How are plants cells different from animal cells? Give at least 2 ways. 9. How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar (what do they have in common)? 10. How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different? 5 Georgia Bio Standards: SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and function in living cells. a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion). Cell Organelle Project Your job is to create an educational book/poster/powerpoint/etc. that can be used in class to help students understand the structure and function of the 14 organelles/structures listed below. You should include 1) a picture of each organelle as well as 2) the function. You should also include a description of 3) “What is a cell?” and 4) “What are organelles?” If you use pictures from the internet, there should be reference sheet that gives credit to your sources (bibliography). Students in a Biology class should be able to use your project to pass a test about the functions of these 14 organelles. Good luck, and be creative!!! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Mitochondria Cell Membrane Cell Wall Gogli Apparatus Ribosome 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Lysosome Chloroplasts Vacuole 11. Vesicles 12. Centrioles 13. Cilia & Flagella What Organelle is to Blame? (starter) 1. A cell stops making proteins: ____________________ 2. The cell stops breaking down food and producing energy: ____________________ 3. The cell stops breaking down old cell parts: ____________________ 4. A plant cell wilts due to lack of water: ____________________ 5. A plant cell loses it support and shape: ____________________ 6. The cell stops checking and sending proteins out of the cell: ____________________ 7. A plant cell stops doing photosynthesis: ____________________ 8. What is the term that is used for everything in the cell? ____________________ 9. What type of cell has organelles? _______________Which type does not? ________________ Analogy (starter) 1) Sally went to the store and got all of the stuff to make a cake. She put it all on the counter next to the recipe and the stove. She then made the cake. a) In the above situation, which of the objects would function the closest to the DNA in a cell? ________________ b) Which of the objects would function the closest amino acids in a cell? __________________ c) Which of the objects would function the closest to ribosomes in a cell? __________________ Is it Prokaryotic or is it Eukaryotic? (starter) Plant: ______________ Bacteria:____________ E.coli** ______________ Algae:______________ Human:_______________ Mushroom:_____________ Lion:__________________ You: __________________ *bacteria that causes Strep Throat **bacteria in your intestines Mouse_____________ Streptococcus* ______________ Oak Tree ______________ Mr. Andrews _____________ 6 Georgia Bio Standards: SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and function in living cells. a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion). “Cells Online”Link on class website *Answers must come from the video Video 1: List 2 organelles from the video and give their function. 1-____________________________________________________________________________ 2-____________________________________________________________________________ Video 2: : List 3 ways plant cells are different from animal cells. 1-____________________________________________________________________________ 2-____________________________________________________________________________ 3-____________________________________________________________________________ What do chloroplasts allow plants to do? _______________________________________________ What 3 things does the plant require to do photosynthesis? ________________________________ Video 3: What types of cells have a nucleus (give examples)? ______________________________________________ Only plant cells have a _______ __________ and ____________________. Cell Structures and Function REVIEW List three differences between plant cells and animal cells. What are the 3 part of the “cell theory?” 1-________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells? Give at least 2 differences. What do prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have in common? 2-________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Which type of cells have been around longer? 3-________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Organelle Major Functions Golgi Ribosome Nucleus Lysosome Chloroplast Mitochondria 7 Georgia Bio Standards: SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and function in living cells. a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion). Writing Prompts: (Starters and Reviews) #1) What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? (give at least 3 differences in 4 sentences) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ #2) What are the functions of the ribosomes and the cell membrane? (3 sentences) __________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ #3) How/Why is it beneficial to a cell to have organelles? How does it help the cell survive? (3 sentences) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Prokaryote or Eukaryote (Starter) Read the following statements and mark whether it is describing a prokaryote, eukaryote, or both. Prokaryote 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Eukaryote Both Eric is looking through the microscope and sees one cell and there is no evidence of a nucleus or organelles. Angie explains to the class how at her old school they spent an entire day learning about the flagella. David sees hundreds of unicellular cells moving around under the microscope. Travis has been told that they are going to be looking at examples of bacteria cells under the microscope today. Courtney tells a student that was absent the day before that they were trying to identify genetic material (DNA or RNA) within a cell. Tina is describing a cell that she saw to her teacher. She remembers seeing a nucleus and organelles that resembled the mitochondria and chloroplasts. Adam looks under the microscope and notices that the cell has a cell membrane. The teacher tells the class to take a leaf and look at it under the microscope. Nick remembers learning in school about the cells found in protists. Bailey is telling her friend about the cell that was the first to evolve Stacey saw a picture of a cell with cytoplasm and ribosomes. Marcus wonders what type of cells fungi are made of. Molly looks into the microscope and sees an organism that is multicellular Cell Labeling (Starter) 1.________________ ________________ 2. ________________________________ 3. ________________________________ 4. ________________________________ 5. ________________________________ 6. _______________________________ 8. _______________________________ 9. ________________________________ 10. ________________________________ 11. ________________________________ 12_________________________________ 13_________________________________ 14_________________________________ 8 Georgia Bio Standards: SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and function in living cells. a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion).