* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 7 – The Cell
Survey
Document related concepts
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cytoplasmic streaming wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Programmed cell death wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Chapter 7 – The Cell Name ___________________________________ Discovery of the Cell • Robert Hooke (______) – English scientist – looked at a _______________ (oak cork) through a ________________________ (____ lenses). – observed _________________________ structures – called these structures _______ because they reminded him of ______________ – only saw the outer walls (___________) because ________________________ • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (________) – looked at ________________________ _________ through a ______________ (___ lens and natural light). – observed living cells; called some “________________” – some of the small “animalcules” are now called ____________ The Cell Theory • 1. ________________________________________ • 2. ________________________________________ __________________________________________ – __________ organisms – made of __ cell that must perform _____ life’s activities – _________ organisms – made of _____________ cell. Each cell performs _______ of the major functions of life • 3. ________________________________________ – Before the cell theory, people did not know where these cells came from. People learned that a cell ________ to form ___ ________________________ 1 Eyepiece – lens magnifies 10x _______ – Always carry with one hand on the arm and one on the base _______ – Supports the specimen slide Coarse Adjustment – moves stage up or down to bring specimen into focus Fine Adjustment – allows for precise focusing ________ – supports the scope ____________– supports the eyepiece and objectives ________________– holds and rotates objective lenses ** ____________– magnify by 4x, 10x, 40x, or 100x ___________– hold the specimen slide to the stage _____________ – controls the amount of light reaching the stage ____________– provides the light that shines through the stage ** Since the eyepiece had a magnification of 10x, the total magnification when using the 4x objective lens would be 40x. When using the 10x objective lens, the total would be 100x. When using the 40x lens, the total would be 400x. 2 Electron Microscopes • Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) – ____________________________________________________________ • Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) – ___________________________________________________________ Types of Cells • There are two broad groups of cells – Prokaryotes • ________ have membrane-bound organelles – Eukaryotes • • ______ have membrane-bound organelles Organelle – Structure within a cell that is surrounded by a _________ and has a specific ___________ for cell survival 3 Eukaryotes • ___________ a membrane bound nucleus – DNA is _______ within the nucleus • _____ Contain membrane-bound organelles • Eukaryotes may be ____________ (algae and yeast) or _____________ (plants and animals) Plasma Membrane (or Cell Membrane) • • __________ of the cell Controls what goes in and out of the cell through the __________________________ – Keeps some things ____ and lets some things ___ • Maintains cell’s ___________________ Cell Wall • Found _________ the cell membrane Cell Wall • Gives the cell added __________________________ • Made of the carbohydrate, ______________ • This mesh of cellulose is porous and allows _________ to pass through • _____________________________________________________ have cell walls • Animals ______________ Cytoplasm • • • ___________ is a semi-fluid material inside the cell It contains the _____________ and __________ in the cell It is bound by the __________________ 4 * Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope • Functions in the _____________ of the cell • Contains the ___________ which are composed of ____________ • The nuclear envelope is a membrane that * * Important parts to know – ______________ the nucleus – Regulates the materials that pass between the ____________ and the _____________ • In eukaryotic cells (___________ ____________) Mitochondria • This is the site of _______________________, a process that provides the cell with _____________ • The “___________________” • The ______ energy a cell needs, the ________ mitochondria they may have – For example, a _______ cell would need more mitochondria than a ______ cell because it requires more ____________ to do its job • In ____________ cells Chloroplast • • Contains the green pigment __________________ __________ absorbs energy from ________ to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar during ____________________ • Only found in __________ ________________ 5 Ribosomes • • Ribosomes are the site of __________________ Can be found – floating _______ in the cytoplasm – or on the ____________________________________ • In ____________________________________ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • ER is a complex, extensive network that ____________ materials throughout the _____________ of the cell • _________ ER: – _______ ribosomes attached • _________ ER: – __________ ribosomes • In ____________ only Golgi Apparatus • Function: ________, _______, ________, and ________ molecules _____ the cell or _________ the cell • In _____________ Lysosomes • Small organelles containing _________ ___________ to break down ____________, _________________, _______, and ______ into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell • In ______________ 6 Vacuoles • Sac-like structures that ______________ such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates • Plants have __________ vacuole that also helps _____ _____________ to flowers and leaves • Animal cell vacuoles are much _______ than plant cell vacuoles • In __________ Cilia and Flagella • Function: Helps to move _______ or ________ ______________; some organisms use them to _____________. • Cilia – _____, _________, _______ projections that move in a _________ motion – _________________________ • Flagella – __________ projections that move in a _______ motion – _____________________________ Prokaryotes • ___________________________ – DNA is __________ in a nucleus or arranged in ___________________ • * ________ have most membrane-bound organelles – They ___ have _______________ for protein synthesis – They _______ have ____________. They get their energy from the ____ or from _________________ in * * *Cytoplasm the environment • Many prokaryotes are _________ • This cell type includes all _______ 7 Prokaryotes vs. Plants vs. Animals Eukaryotes Organelle Prokaryotes Plants Animals Plasma Membrane Cell Wall Nucleus DNA Mitochondria Chloroplasts Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Cytoplasm Cilia or Flagella 8