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Transcript
Mitochondria The mitochondria is an organelle that changes the energy for the cell into energy that the cell can use. They are special because they have two layers of covering (two membranes). The outside layer is smooth, but the inside layer is all twisted, the twisting makes folds called cristae. The cristae are where the mitochondria make energy. They are found throughout the cell in the Cytoplasm. Real life example of a Mitochondria: An example of mitochondria is a wind mill power plant. The power plant takes energy from the wind and turns it into electrical energy for a house to use. Nucleus The nucleus holds the DNA for the cell. It tells the cell what to do, and how to do it. The nucleus is special because it has two layers (membranes) separating it from the rest of the cell, this is called a double membrane. The membrane only lets a few things in and out of the nucleus. There is only one nucleus and it is found in the center of the cell. A real life example of the nucleus is your brain. Your brain holds all your memories and knowledge. It also tells you what to do and how to do it. Nucleolus The Nucleolus is the dark, inner part of the nucleus. It’s a special area of the nucleus that makes the ribosomes for the cell. It looks like a nucleus within the nucleus. A real life example of the Nucleolus is a factory. The factory makes something that then leaves the factory to go to the rest of the world. Ribosomes Assembles proteins together. Each cell has a lot of ribosomes. They are made in the nucleolus and then go into the cell and put together the proteins that the cell needs to work. They are found in the cytoplasm and attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. A real life example of a ribosome is a toy maker. The toy maker takes parts of a toy and puts it together in the right way so that the toy will work. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) is the place in the cell where lipids are made and where poisons and toxins are removed. The SER is a part of a long twisted up membrane that makes up an organelle called the Endoplasmic Reticulum. It’s called smooth because it looks smooth when you look at it through a microscope. It looks smooth because it doesn’t have any ribosomes attached to it. It is found around the nucleus. A real life example of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is a water treatment plant. In the water treatment plant, bad water (water with germs, garbage and other gross stuff) goes in and is changed into good water. Water with no more gross stuff in it. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is a part of the long, twisted up membrane called the Endoplasmic Reticulum. It’s called rough because it looks bumpy when you look at it through a microscope. It looks bumpy because it’s covered in ribosomes. The RER is where all the proteins that the cell is going to send out to the body are made. The RER sends all the proteins in a package to the Golgi apparatus. These are found near the near the nucleus in the cytoplasm. A real life example of the RER would be a toy factory. The toy factory is where all the toy makers work. They toys get made by the workers and then the factory sends the toys out of the factory. Golgi Apparatus The Golgi Apparatus is another organelle made up of a membrane. It looks like a stack of pancakes with bubbles that go in and out of it. In the Golgi apparatus, all the proteins that the cell makes are grouped, sorted, and put into containers to be sent out of the cell into the body. They are found throughout the cell in the cytoplasm. A real life example of the Golgi is a post office. At the post office, the mail from all over the city comes in and is then grouped and sorted so that the post office can send it back out to the city to the right place. Lysosome Lysosomes are small organelles that are filled with digestive enzymes, stuff that can dissolve and break down food or other materials. Lysosomes look like little circles in the cell. They can move around the cell to wherever they are needed. They “eat” up invaders to the cell like bacteria that can make you sick, they also “eat” the food the cell needs. Entering and exiting cells and leaving Golgi apparatus. A real life example of a lysosome is your stomach. Your stomach has a lot of digestive enzymes, liquids that can break down food. When you eat the digestive enzymes in your stomach break down your food so that you can use it. Chloroplast Chloroplasts are an organelle with two layers (membranes). The inside layer has small structures inside it that take the energy from the sun and change it into energy that the plant can use in a process called Photosynthesis. Chloroplasts have a compound in them called Chlorophyll that make the green color of plants. Found in the cytoplasm of the cell. A real life example of Chloroplasts is a solar cell of a calculator. The solar cell takes the energy from the light in the room and changes it into electrical energy that makes the calculator run. Cytoskeleton The Cytoskeleton are fibers (strings) made of protein in the cytoplasm that help give the cell it’s shape and help the cells move around. They also help things move around in the cell like both the muscle and the skeleton. They are found along the Cell membrane. A real life example of the cytoskeleton is a railroad track. The track helps the train move around and also can help the train deliver its cargo (the stuff a train carries) from one place to another. Cell Membrane The cell membrane is the covering of the cell. This is a very special membrane because it controls what can go in and out of the cell. It also keeps everything in the cell from falling apart. The cell is made up of a lipid bilayer, which is two layers of lipids (fats) that stand foot to foot. It surrounds the cell. A real life example of the cell membrane is a bouncer, door guard, at a club. The bouncer only lets some people into the club, he keeps other people out. Another example of the cell membrane is a plastic bag. It keeps everything inside it from falling apart all over the place. Cell Wall The cell wall is an organelle that supports and protects plant cells. It’s found on the outside of the cells. It’s a lot harder than the cell membrane. A real life example of the cell wall is a Tupperware container. (A plastic container) The plastic container keeps everything inside, but it also protects the stuff inside and gives the stuff inside a particular shape. Centriole A centriole is a small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way. When two centrioles are found next to each other, they are usually at right angles. The centrioles are found in pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division. Important for Cell Division. They are like bungees in a barrel. When it is time for cellular division the bungee cords come out and pull the chromosomes apart. Vacuole Vacuoles are storage bubbles found in cells. They are found in both animal and plant cells but are much larger in plant cells. Vacuoles might store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive. They can even store waste products so the rest of the cell is protected from contamination. They are found in the cytoplasm of the cell. The vacuole is like a rain barrel because it collects and holds water until it is needed by the cell.