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Chapter 11 DNA and Genes 11.1 DNA: The Heredity Molecule A. What is DNA? – DNA is the information for life – the complete instructions for manufacturing all the proteins for an organism (ex: skin, muscle, bone). DNA stands for ____________________________ _____________ 1. The structure of DNA – DNA forms a “double helix” and looks like a twisted ladder. It is composed of nucleotides which have 3 parts: a simple sugar (Deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base a. ______________ _______– a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of Nitrogen. DNA contains four different bases. C G A T 2. There are 4 different nitrogen bases that make up DNA. The bases pair together as follows: ___________ and _____ 3. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed that DNA consists of 4 nucleotides found inside the nucleus in the form of a ____________________________ B. Replication of DNA a. ____________________________ ______ – the copying of DNA chromosomes. Occurs in interphase 1. DNA Synthesis (replication) a. _______________(DNA Polymerase) unzip the DNA strand b. Free ____________________________ bond w/ open bases c. New strands of ________ are produced 11.2 From DNA to Protein A. Genes and Proteins – the sequences of nucleotides in DNA contain information to code for essential proteins such as enzymes and filaments that compose body tissue. Proteins are strands of ______________ ____________ coded for by DNA. B. RNA (ribonucleic acid)– differs from DNA in 3 ways. a. RNA is ____________________________ ____________________________ b. RNA has the sugar ____________________________ c. RNA uses _________ (uracil) instead of T (thymine). The bases pair together as follows: ______ and ______ C. Transcription – Protein synthesis begins in the nucleus. DNA unzips due to the enzyme ____________________________ ______and mRNA makes a copy of the DNA code for the desired protein sequence. 1. ____________________________ – process in the cell nucleus where enzymes make an RNA copy of a DNA strand 2. ____________________________ ____________________________________ – transports information from DNA in the nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm. D. The Genetic Code – the order of nitrogen bases in mRNA determines the type and order of amino acids in a protein. There are 20 amino acids used to build proteins 1. _____________________– set of 3 nitrogen bases that represents an amino acid E. Translation: From mRNA to Protein – translation takes place in the ribosome. Transfer RNA (tRNA) bring amino acids to the ribosomal RNA for protein synthesis. 1. ____________________________ – process of converting information in mRNA into a sequences of amino acids in a protein 2. ______________________________ ____– RNA that makes up the ribosomes; 3. ____________________________ _______________– RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins Messenger RNA (mRNA) Genetic code 11.3 Genetic Changes A. Mutation: A Change in DNA a. ________________ _ – any change or random error in a DNA sequence 1. ______________________________________ – changes in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s gametes could affect the genotype of the offspring. 2. _______________________________________________– powerful radiation that affect non-reproductive cells may only hurt the individual and not their offspring. Ex: UV waves which cause skin cancer Drugs In the 1950’s and 1960’s, thalidomide (a sedative) was prescribed to pregnant females. Phocomelia is characterized by short arms linked to this drug 3. ________________ _ _______________ – DNA mutation that occurs from a change in a single base pair Ex: a single letter change may change the entire expression of a protein THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR 4. ________________ _ _______________ – mutation that occurs when a single base is added or deleted from DNA; causes a shift in the reading of codons by one base Ex: Deleting a G would shift all the sequence THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOB ITT HEC AT B. Chromosomal Mutations - occurs at the chromosome level resulting in changes in the gene distribution to gametes during meiosis a. ________________ _ _______________ – caused when parts of chromosomes break off or rejoin incorrectly C. Causes of Mutations – some mutations seem to just happen spontaneously by mistakes in base pairing during DNA replication. Others includes high-energy radiation, chemicals, or high temperatures a. ________________ – any agent that can cause a change in DNA Chromosomal Mutations