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#: ___ Scientist’s Name: _______________________ Competency 5 – Analyze the roles DNA & RNA play on the mechanism of inheritance. c. Explain & distinguish among the roles of DNA & RNA in replication, transcription, & translation. Biology Textbook ~ Chapter 12: Molecular Genetics DaBook ~ Section 12 DNA Means… Is a type of _________________ What ________ & ___________ are made of Made up of repeating ___________ subunits 1 nucleotide looks like the illustration to the left – label it 2 strands so bases can pair up o A binds ___ only o C binds ___ only Strand 1 Strand 2 P S P T P S Phosphates + sugars on the outside 4 types (nitrogen bases): 1– 234- S P G Remember DNA is like an Oreo S Bases on the inside (Bases fit like puzzle pieces) Phophates + sugars = cookies Bases = cream filling 2 Shape is a ______________: 2 spirals wound around each other ______________________ took an X-ray photo of DNA; died from cancer due to experiments with DNA; she discovered the sides of the helix, but not the rungs; ______________ & _________________ interpreted the photo and discovered the double helix structure (They won the Nobel Prize). She received no credit. Codon: Group of ___ bases Genes: o The code is the order of the _______ (letters) o Genes are hundreds or thousands of _________ long Eye color gene Dimples gene Hair color gene 3 Chargaff’s Rule In DNA, the amount of ___ = the amount of T the amount of ___ = the amount of G DNA is complementary Complementary: Example: Strand 1- ATG GGC CTA Strand 2- TAC CCG GAT Replication Happens when ____________________________ before mitosis and meiosis Semiconservative replication: Original DNA DNA unzips Each original strand grows a new strand o DNA never ever leaves the nucleus o DNA is the master copy of the directions a cell needs to live so it needs to be protected 4 But DNA in the cytoplasm can be destroyed DNA in the nucleus is safe RNA means… You can always make more RNA so it’s ok if it gets destroyed (You can’t make more DNA!!!) DNA RNA How many ? ? strands? Nucleotide subunit Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base ? _____________ sugar Bases Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base ? ____________ sugar T– U– G– G– Transcription Definition: The type of RNA made is called ___________________ because it sends a message from DNA to the cytoplasm 5 DNA safe in the nucleus Uses mRNA To send a message to the cytoplasm Transcription 1. 2. 3. 4. DNA: GAG AAC TAG TAC RNA: CUC UUG AUC AUG For figuring out RNA: A binds __ C binds __ 6 DNA mRNA mRNA Cytoplasm of cell Nucleus ___________ happens in the nucleus. An RNA copy of a gene is made. Then the _____ that has been made moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm Once in the cytoplasm, the _______ is used to make a protein How does mRNA tell the cell what to do? mRNA is a message that codes for a ______ (made in the cytoplasm and then work to keep the cell alive) Translation (protein synthesis): ____________________ Proteins are made up of ____________ (small building blocks) There are ___ different types of amino acids Protein Amino Acids 7 Nucleus Translation 1. ________ moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm Cytoplasm 2. mRNA attaches to a ________ 3. ______________ decodes the mRNA and brings amino acids to build up the protein Ribosome tRNA ____ __________ (3 bases on tRNA): Matches up to codons on mRNA 4. ________ (chain of amino acids) detaches from ribosome and goes off to work in the cell 8 Genetic Code Code that matches _______ in mRNA to ___________ on tRNAs mRNA codons (3 bases) Amino acids Stop codon – codes for the end of the mRNA (no amino acid added) 1. Read your mRNA codon ACU 2. Find 1st base on the left, 2nd base on the top, 3rd base on the right. Find where they all cross in the chart. 3. Read your amino acid. Threonine Different codons code for different amino acids!!! 9 Central dogma of molecular biology ___________ _ ____ Directions to make proteins are safely stored in the nucleus ___________ ____ Carries the directions to the cytoplasm _______ Work to keep the cell alive DNA is made of repeating units called _______________. Label the two types of nucleotides based on rings. How do some cells become brain cells and others become skin cells, when the DNA in ALL the cells is exactly the same? Why is the DNA molecule referred to as the "blueprint of life"? 10 DNA, RNA, and PROTEINS MATCH THE PROCESS WITH ITS DESCRIPTION: TRANSLATION TRANSCRIPTION REPLICATION _______________________ Making a complementary RNA sequence from a DNA code (DNA RNA) _______________________ Making a DNA copy of a DNA molecule (DNA DNA) _______________________ Making proteins from an RNA message (RNA protein) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Use words from the word bank to match the following: messenger-RNA transfer-RNA ribosomal-RNA ___________________ Carries the DNA code from nucleus to cytoplasm ___________________ Made by the nucleolus ___________________ Adds the correct amino acid to the growing protein chain ___________________ Combines with proteins to form ribosomes ___________________ Has a CODON region ___________________ Has an ANTICODON region ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ 11 COMPARE AND CONTRAST CHROMATIN CHROMOSOMES DNA RNA What are DNA/proteins doing? Type of cell seen in? COMPARE AND CONTRAST Double / Single stranded? Sugar used? List all nitrogen bases it has Which nitrogen base is missing? Location in cell? Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide molecule: __________________ _____________________ _____________________ If a double helix is compared to a “twisted ladder”, which would the following represent? Sides of the ladder ? ___________________________ Rungs of ladder ? ______________________________ Glue in the middle that holds the ladder together? ____________ 12 DNA, RNA, & PROTEINS REVIEW 1. Making a copy of DNA is called _________________________. 2. Which nitrogen base isn’t used during this process? 3. Name the enzyme you learned about that adds the complementary nucleotides and spell checks to make sure the new copy is correct. 4. This process of copying an RNA message from the DNA code is called ___________________ _. 5. Tell where in the cell this happens. 6. USE THE mRNA CODE WHEEL to tell the amino acid sequence coded for by the following message: U C A A A A U U C 7. Which kind of RNA has an ANTICODON region and carries the amino acids to the ribosome? 13 8. Name the parts/structures of a cell: A = __________________ B = __________________ C = __________________ D = __________________ E = __________________ F = __________________ Label the codon & anticodon @ E. 9. Tell several ways DNA is different from RNA. 10. What do we call the small pieces of DNA that are edited out of the mRNA message before it is expressed? 11. DNA that is SPREAD OUT in the nucleus of NON-DIVIDING cells is called ____. 12. When making DNA, CYTOSINE always pairs with _______________________. 13. Using an RNA message to make a protein is called ________________. 14. Name this subunit used to build DNA and RNA. 15. Give the complementary DNA strand. A T T G C C A G C 14 16. NAME THIS KIND OF RNA. 17. Name the molecule attached at the arrow. 18. An experiment conducted by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase showed that: 19. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS could also be called ________________. 20. Nitrogen bases made up of TWO RINGS are called ________________ Name them. 21. Name this subunit used to build PROTEINS. 22. Label W, X, Y & Z. 23. Which type(s) of RNA is/are involved in protein synthesis? 15 24. ___ & ___ are given credit for discovering the structure of DNA. 25. The three bases on the tRNA molecule that are complementary to one of the mRNA codons are called the 26. According to Chargaff’s rules, which nucleotide is always paired with Adenine IN A DNA MOLECULE? 27. Ribosomes are made out of 28. DNA replication results in two DNA molecules that are said to be semiconservative. This means 29. Where in the cell does transcription take place? 30. Where in the cell does translation take place? 31. How many codons are needed to specify THREE AMINO ACIDS? 32. What did the Hershey-Chase blender experiment help prove? 33. Nitrogen bases with only 1 ring are called ______________________. Name them. 34. Name the nucleic acid that is double stranded and contains deoxyribose sugar. 16 How DNA Controls the Workings of the Cell Below are two partial sequences of DNA bases (shown for only one strand of DNA). Sequence 1 is from a human and sequence 2 is from a cow. In both humans and cows, this sequence is part of a set of instructions for controlling a bodily function. In this case, the sequence contains the gene to make the protein insulin. Insulin is necessary for the uptake of sugar from the blood. Without insulin, a person cannot use digest sugars the same way others can, and they have a disease called diabetes. Using the DNA sequence, make a complimentary RNA strand from both the human and the cow. Write the RNA directly below the DNA strand (remember to substitute U’s for T’s in RNA) Use one of the codon tables in this packet to determine what amino acids are assembled to make the insulin protein in both the cow and the human. Write your amino acid chain directly below the RNA sequence. Sequence 1 – Human DNA : C C A T A G C A C G T T A C A A C G T G A A G G T A A RNA : Amino Acids: Sequence 2 – Cow DNA : C C G T A G C A T G T T A C A A C G C G A A G G C A C RNA: Amino Acids: Analysis 1. The DNA sequence is different for the cow and the human, but the amino acid chain produced by the sequence is almost the same. How can this happen? 2. Could two humans (or two cows) have some differences in the DNA sequence for insulin, yet still make exactly the same insulin proteins? Explain. 17 Nucleic Acids ~ DNA - The Double Helix Recall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including cell reproduction, and heredity. Chromosomes are microscopic, threadlike strands composed of the chemical DNA (short for deoxyribonucleic acid). In simple terms, DNA controls the production of proteins within the cell. These proteins in turn, form the structural units of cells and control all chemical processes within the cell. Think of proteins as the building blocks for an organism, proteins make up your skin, your hair, and parts of individual cells. The proteins that are made largely determine how you look. The proteins that will be made for your body are determined by the sequence of DNA in the nucleus. What important polymer is located in the nucleus? _______________ ___________ is the instructions for making a cell's ______________. Chromosomes are composed of genes, which is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein, which in turn codes for a trait. Hence you hear it commonly referred to as the gene for baldness or the gene for blue eyes. Meanwhile, DNA is the chemical in which genes and chromosomes are made. DNA is called a nucleic acid because it was first found in the nucleus. We now know that DNA is also found in some organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts. It is the DNA in the nucleus that actually controls the cell's workings. _______ on chromosomes code for specific ___________ in a cell. DNA is also found in _____________ and ____________. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick established the structure of DNA. The shape of DNA is a double helix, which is like a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. The sugar is a pentose called deoxyribose. Color all the phosphates pink (one is labeled with a "p"). Color all the deoxyribose sugars blue (one is labeled with a "D"). What is meant by a double helix? ____________________________ Who was Rosalind Franklin? Name a pentose sugar. _________________ The sides of DNA are made of _____________ and ______________. The rungs of the ladder are pairs of 4 types of nitrogen bases. The bases are known by their coded letters --- A, G, T, and C. These bases always bond in a certain way. Adenine will only bond to thymine. Guanine will only bond with cytosine. This is known as the "Base-Pair Rule." The bases can occur in any order along a strand of DNA. The order of these bases is the code that contains the instructions. For instance, ATGCACATA would 18 code for a different gene than AATTACGGA. A strand of DNA contains millions of bases. (For simplicity, the image only contains a few.) What makes up the "rungs" of DNA? ____________________ What will pair with adenine? _____________ Color the thymines orange. Color the adenines green. Color the guanines purple. Color the cytosines yellow. ***Note that that the bases attach to the sides of the ladder at the sugars and not the phosphate. The DNA helix is actually made of repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three molecules: a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate, which links the sugars together, and then one of the four bases. Two of the bases are purines - adenine and guanine. The pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. Note that the pyrimidines are single ringed and the purines are double ringed. Color the nucleotides using the same colors as you colored them in the double helix. Nucleotides are made of a pentose ___________, a ____________, and a nitrogencontaining __________. Name 2 bases with double C-N rings. ____________________ The two sides of the DNA ladder are held together loosely by hydrogen bonds. The DNA can actually "unzip" when it needs to replicate - or make a copy of itself. DNA needs to copy itself when a cell divides, so that the new cells each contain a copy of the DNA. Without these instructions, the new cells wouldn't have the correct information. The hydrogen bonds are represented by small circles. Color the hydrogen bonds grey. ____________ bonds between bases must be broken to copy DNA. Copying DNA to make two, identical DNA molecule is called ____________. Messenger RNA So, now, we know the nucleus controls the cell's activities through the chemical DNA, but how? It is the sequence of bases that determine which protein is to be made. The sequence is like a code that we can now interpret. The sequence determines which proteins are made and the proteins determine which activities will be performed. This is how the nucleus is the control center of the cell. The only problem is that the DNA is too big to go through the nuclear pores so a chemical is used to read the DNA in the nucleus. That chemical is messenger RNA (mRNA). The messenger RNA (mRNA) is small enough to go through the nuclear pores. It takes the "message" of the DNA to the ribosomes and "tells 19 them" what proteins are to be made. Recall that proteins are the body's building blocks. Imagine that the code taken to the ribosomes is telling the ribosome what is needed - like a recipe. Messenger RNA is similar to DNA, except that it is a single strand, and it has NO thymine. Instead of thymine, mRNA contains the base Uracil. In addition to that difference, mRNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid. Color the mRNA as you did the DNA, except Color the ribose a DARKER BLUE, and the uracil brown. mRNA has a ____________ strand of nucleotides. __________ replaces __________ on RNA. _________ is the pentose sugar on RNA. __________, not DNA can leave the nucleus through ________ in the nuclear envelope. Proteins are made at the _____________. The Blueprint of Life Every cell in your body has the same "blueprint" or the same DNA. Like the blueprints of a house tell the builders how to construct a house, the cellular DNA "blueprint" tells the cell how to build the organism. Yet, how can a heart be so different from a brain if all the cells contain the same instructions? Although much work remains in genetics, it has become apparent that a cell has the ability to turn off most genes and only work with the genes necessary to do a job. We also know that a lot of DNA apparently is nonsense and codes for nothing. These regions of DNA that do not code for proteins are called "introns," or sometimes "junk DNA.” The sections of DNA that do actually code for proteins are called "exons." __________ are non-coding segments of DNA. 20 DNA Molecule 21