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Microbiology Study Guide Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics You should be able to find the information necessary to answer these questions in Tortora, Funke, and Case, or in lecture. However, for a fuller understanding of the concept, or to add more detail to your answer you are encouraged to use other sources (see on-line resources by chapter) 1. Use examples to demonstrate your understanding of the distinction between the following terms; genotype, phenotype, gene, chromosome, and genome. 2. What are the four nitrogen containing bases of DNA? Identify the double ring bases and what name is given to this group? Identify the single ring bases and what name is given to these. What are the complementary base pairings of DNA? 3. If a DNA sample contains 13% adenine, what percentage of the sample contains cytosine? 4. Where does DNA replication start, in bacteria? Name and describe the role of two enzymes responsible for DNA replication. Part of a bacterial gene has a base sequence 5’ ACAGGC. Diagram how this sequence would be copied during DNA replication. Bio 240 Fall 2011 Page 1 of 8 5. Explain the difference between the sense and the anti-sense strands of DNA. Part of a bacterial gene has a base sequence 5’ ACAGGC. Draw and label a diagram of how this sequence would be copied during transcription. Which enzyme is responsible for transcription? And name the three dif rent molecules made by transcription. 6. Part of a mRNA has a base sequence 5’ UGUCCG. Draw and label a diagram of how this sequence would be translated. Where does translation take place, which monomers are required and what is the end product of translation? . 7. If the series of amino acids coded for by a strand of mRNA is valine-prolinetryptophan-isoleucine what would be a possible sequence of bases on the mRNA? Bio 240 Fall 2011 Page 2 of 8 8. The sequence of bases on a mRNA transcript is as follows AUG-CCC—UGCGGG, what would the anti-codons on the complimentary tRNA molecules, and what four amino acids would be specified? 9. If the series of amino acids coded for by a strand of DNA is serine-alaninelysine-leucine what is the order of bases on the sense strand of the DNA? 10. If the series of amino acids coded for by a strand of DNA is serine-alaninelysine-leucine what is the order of bases on the antisense strand of the DNA? 11. Name one antibiotic that works by interfering with protein synthesis, and describe how does it works 12. What is the genetic code? The genetic code depicts groups of three letters, what do the letters represent, on which molecule do they occur, and what name is given to the groups of three letters? Bio 240 Fall 2011 Page 3 of 8 13. Name and describe the functional roles of the three different types of RNA in gene expression. Explain the relationship between codons and an anticodons and the roles each play in translation. 14. Explain the difference between exons and introns in eukaryote DNA. 15. Diagram the structure of the lac operon and label and define the function of 5 protein an/or DNA components involved in its function and regulation. Which type of operon is it? Bio 240 Fall 2011 Page 4 of 8 16. Diagram the structure of the trp operon and label and define the function of 5 protein an/or DNA components involved in its function and regulation. Which type of operon is it? 17. Explain why it is important for a bacterial cell to be able to turn off the synthesis of gene products if those products are already available in its environment, or to turn on synthesis of a substance it needs only under some circumstances. 18. Explain the difference in regulation between an inducible enzyme and a repressible enzyme, provide examples of each. Bio 240 Fall 2011 Page 5 of 8 19. Distinguish between the 2 types of point mutations in DNA. Describe how a frameshift mutation occurs and how it differs from a point mutation, and compare the possible severity of each type of mutation on an organisms phenotype. 20. How does UV light cause mutations? Describe how organisms regularly exposed to UV light cope with damage caused by UV light. 21. Distinguish between vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Provide examples of each. Bio 240 Fall 2011 Page 6 of 8 22. Describe how Fredrick Griffith discovered the bacterial process of transformation. Based upon his observations identify which gene (or genes) had been transferred. 23. Draw and describe the bacterial process of conjugation. How does conjugation differ from transformation? Describe the three different possible outcomes for recipient cells. 24. Draw and describe the bacterial process of transduction. Distinguish between generalized and specialized transduction. Bio 240 Fall 2011 Page 7 of 8 25. Compare and contrast the 3 methods of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. 26. What are plasmids, and describe the role of plasmids in the evolution of drug resistance in bacteria. Bio 240 Fall 2011 Page 8 of 8