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Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Genomics and Bioenergy Gerald A. Tuskan DOE Joint Genome Institute FAO Seminar October 12, 2007 Advancing Science with DNA Sequence U.S. Energy Consumption and the Economy ● ● ● The U.S. consumes roughly 26% of the world’s energy; yet represents about 6% of the world’s population There is a linear relationship between energy consumption and gross domestic product Many developing countries are adopting the U.S. social, economic and energy-use model Advancing Science with DNA Sequence U.S. Energy Production & Consumption Energy Flow 2005 (105 Quadrillion Btu) Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/ Advancing Science with DNA Sequence U.S. Energy Consumption by Source and Sector Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/ Advancing Science with DNA Sequence U.S. Crude Oil Production ● ● ● Domestic production has declined over the past 20 years and is expected to continue to decline Consumption is growing and imported oil is meeting this demand Continuing with business as usual has economic, environmental and national security consequences Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/ Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Increases in Atmospheric CO2 Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/maunaloa.co2 Advancing Science with DNA Sequence World CO2 Emissions Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/ Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Renewable Energy in the U.S. Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/ Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Long-term Supply Options Source: Steven Koonin, 2006, BP Advancing Science with DNA Sequence How do we . . . ● Reduce our need for imported sources create of energy? ● Maintain our standard of living? ● Preserve our energy security? ● Maintain our reliance on affordable transportation fuels? Closed–loop domestic ● Reduce our carbon emissions? production of lignocellulosic biofuels ? Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Role of Biology Sun Cellulose Feedstocks Poplar Soybean, Maize, Switchgrass, Miscanthus, Sorghum, Cotton, Brachypodium Sugar Alcohol Biomass converting organisms Fermenters Termite Pichia stipitis •Tamar wallaby forestomach •Poplar biomass degraders •Asian Longhorned Beetle gut •Elephant Grass decomposers •White Rot Fungus •Thermoanaerobacter •Clostridium thermocellum ethanolicus •Saccharophagus degradans •Pichia stipitis •Acidothermus cellulolyticus Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Dedicated Energy Crops – The Monocots Potential Energy Crop Foxtail Millet Model Genome Switchgrass Miscanthus Informative Genome Monocots Oryza Maize Potential Energy Crop Sorghum Musa Model Genome Switchgrass Miscanthus Informative Genome Model Genome Monocots Wheat Brachypodium Informative Genome Monocots Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Dedicated Energy Crops – The Dicots Potential Energy Crop Glycine Populus Model Genome Oil production Glycine Informative Genome Legumes Arabidopsis Prunus Eucalyptus Populus Eucalyptus Prunus Potential Energy Crop Model Genome Eurosid II Model Genome Woody Perennial Informative Genome Populus Informative Genome Eurosid I Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Accelerated Domestication Apply advanced, modern genetic and genomics techniques to accelerate the domestication rate in fast growing short-rotation tree species. Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Corn Domestication • Modern Hybrids • Corn Landraces • Teosinte Timeline: 5000 ybp 2000 ybp Today Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Populus Domestication Domesticated Trees Improved Hybrids Clonal Selection Wild Stands Timeline: 30 M - 200 ybp 120 ybp Today The Future? Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Fully Domesticated Poplar • • • • • • • • • • • Reduced recalcitrance of cellulose degradation Reduced height growth Compact crown Higher productivity per unit area Greater number of stems per unit area Compact root system Drought/Stress tolerance Enhanced radial growth Nutrient use efficiency Greater product yield Reduced flowering Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Functional Relationship Between Yield & Cost of Energy Crops Accelerated domestication approach Cost ($/ton) Current conventional approach 1st 10 Generations 2nd 10 Generations Yield (ton/ac/yr) Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Novel Gene Function: The Aux/IAA16 subgroup RNAi-mediated downregulation of PoptrIAA16.31 results in radial growth in Populus. IAA16.3 transgenic control 7.1 4.4 stem cross sectional area (cm2) Control 90-day-old Populus cuttings AtIAA16 loss-offunction mutants expressed no visible phenotype. Advancing Science with DNA Sequence Summary & Conclusions ● ● ● ● ● The U.S. consumes approximately 25% of the world’s energy. 85% of the U.S. total is from fossil fuels. Short-rotation Populus systems offer a plausible means of supplying biomass for conversion to liquid transportation fuels. Increases in average productivity will require accelerated domestication approaches. Access to the complete catalog of Populus genes will facilitate the development of domesticated tree systems through functional genomics approaches. Advancing Science with DNA Sequence