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Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Genomics and Bioenergy
Gerald A. Tuskan
DOE Joint Genome Institute
FAO Seminar
October 12, 2007
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
U.S. Energy Consumption
and the Economy
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The U.S. consumes roughly
26% of the world’s energy; yet
represents about 6% of the
world’s population
There is a linear relationship
between energy consumption
and gross domestic product
Many developing countries
are adopting the U.S. social,
economic and energy-use
model
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
U.S. Energy Production &
Consumption
Energy Flow 2005
(105 Quadrillion Btu)
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
U.S. Energy Consumption by
Source and Sector
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
U.S. Crude Oil Production
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Domestic production has
declined over the past 20 years
and is expected to continue to
decline
Consumption is growing and
imported oil is meeting this
demand
Continuing with business as
usual has economic,
environmental and national
security consequences
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Increases in Atmospheric CO2
Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/maunaloa.co2
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
World CO2 Emissions
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Renewable Energy in the U.S.
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Long-term Supply Options
Source: Steven Koonin, 2006, BP
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
How do we . . .
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Reduce our need for imported sources
create
of energy?
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Maintain our standard of living?
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Preserve our energy security?
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Maintain our reliance on affordable
transportation fuels?
Closed–loop domestic
● Reduce our carbon
emissions?
production
of lignocellulosic
biofuels ?
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Role of Biology
Sun
Cellulose
Feedstocks
Poplar
Soybean, Maize,
Switchgrass,
Miscanthus, Sorghum,
Cotton, Brachypodium
Sugar
Alcohol
Biomass converting
organisms
Fermenters
Termite
Pichia stipitis
•Tamar wallaby forestomach
•Poplar biomass degraders
•Asian Longhorned Beetle gut
•Elephant Grass decomposers
•White Rot Fungus
•Thermoanaerobacter
•Clostridium thermocellum
ethanolicus
•Saccharophagus degradans
•Pichia stipitis
•Acidothermus cellulolyticus
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Dedicated Energy Crops –
The Monocots
Potential Energy Crop
Foxtail Millet
Model Genome
Switchgrass
Miscanthus
Informative Genome
Monocots
Oryza
Maize
Potential Energy Crop
Sorghum
Musa
Model Genome
Switchgrass
Miscanthus
Informative Genome
Model Genome
Monocots
Wheat
Brachypodium Informative Genome
Monocots
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Dedicated Energy Crops –
The Dicots
Potential Energy Crop
Glycine
Populus
Model Genome
Oil production
Glycine
Informative Genome
Legumes
Arabidopsis
Prunus
Eucalyptus
Populus
Eucalyptus
Prunus
Potential Energy Crop
Model Genome
Eurosid II
Model Genome
Woody Perennial
Informative Genome
Populus
Informative Genome
Eurosid I
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Accelerated Domestication
 Apply advanced, modern genetic
and genomics techniques to
accelerate the domestication rate
in fast growing short-rotation tree
species.
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Corn Domestication
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Modern Hybrids
• Corn Landraces
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Teosinte
Timeline:
5000 ybp
2000 ybp
Today
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Populus Domestication
Domesticated Trees
Improved Hybrids
Clonal Selection
Wild Stands
Timeline:
30 M - 200 ybp
120 ybp
Today
The Future?
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Fully Domesticated Poplar
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Reduced recalcitrance of
cellulose degradation
Reduced height growth
Compact crown
Higher productivity per
unit area
Greater number of stems
per unit area
Compact root system
Drought/Stress tolerance
Enhanced radial growth
Nutrient use efficiency
Greater product yield
Reduced flowering
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Functional Relationship Between
Yield & Cost of Energy Crops
Accelerated domestication approach
Cost ($/ton)
Current conventional approach
1st 10 Generations
2nd 10 Generations
Yield (ton/ac/yr)
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Novel Gene Function:
The Aux/IAA16 subgroup
RNAi-mediated downregulation of PoptrIAA16.31
results in radial growth in
Populus.
IAA16.3
transgenic
control
7.1
4.4
stem cross sectional area (cm2)
Control
90-day-old Populus cuttings
AtIAA16 loss-offunction mutants
expressed no
visible phenotype.
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence
Summary & Conclusions
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The U.S. consumes approximately 25% of
the world’s energy.
85% of the U.S. total is from fossil fuels.
Short-rotation Populus systems offer a
plausible means of supplying biomass for
conversion to liquid transportation fuels.
Increases in average productivity will
require accelerated domestication
approaches.
Access to the complete catalog of Populus
genes will facilitate the development of
domesticated tree systems through
functional genomics approaches.
Advancing Science with DNA Sequence