Download BIOL241StudyGuideExp1JUL2012

BIOL241
Study Guide/REVIEW SHEET FOR EXAM I
Sum. 2012
Introduction, Cell Structure and Function, Genes, Mitosis
Chapters 1 – 3
1. Define anatomy and physiology. Identify the levels of organization found in the human
body, from the chemical level to the organism.
2. Explain the principle of complementarity, or ‘form fits function’.
3. Define homeostasis. Understand negative and positive feedback loops.
4. Identify the three subatomic particles. Know their respective locations within an atom, and
electrical charges. (p. 25 – 28)
5. Understand ionic, covalent, polar covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Be able to give an
example of each. Know the difference between organic and inorganic.
6. Define solute, solvent, solution. Explain why water is considered a good solvent.
7. Understand the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances.
8. Define an acid and a base. What does pH measure? Understand the pH scale; state a
typical pH value for a strong acid, a strong base, and a neutral solution.
9. Describe the chemical characteristics and cellular functions of the following organic
compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (and ATP).
10.
Identify examples of:
simple sugars, double sugars, complex carbohydrates
(polysaccharides), lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. State the basic function(s) of each of
these classes of (bio) molecules/macromolecules.
11. Define an enzyme. Describe the role of enzymes in metabolism.
12. Describe the properties of cell membranes including composition, structure, function, and
the fluid mosaic model. Be able to give examples of some of the functions of membrane
proteins. Describe tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
13. Understand membrane transport. Describe the processes of passive transport
(facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion, osmosis), active transport, endocytosis (pinocytosis and
phagocytosis), and exocytosis. What are the factors that determine if a particle can diffuse
through the plasma membrane or not? What is required for each type of transport?
14. Define and explain the terms: hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic, hemolysis, and crenation.
Explain the importance of these terms with respect to cells.
Human Anatomy & Physiology I NSCC
Page 1 of 2
BIOL241
Study Guide/REVIEW SHEET FOR EXAM I
Sum. 2012
15.
Describe the location, structure, and function of each of the following
organelles/structures: nucleus, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi
apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, centrioles, cilia, flagella, and microvilli.
Identify the 3 major cytoskeletal fibers.
Be able to identify all of the above
organelles/structures in a diagram, on a model, or in a micrograph.
16. Diagram the cell cycle and explain the key events in each phase: G1, S, G2, and M
(mitotic) phase. What is the G0 phase?
17. Diagram and state the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis, and describe the events that
occur in each stage (PMAT). Be able to recognize (or sketch) a cell in each phase of mitosis.
18. Understand the processes of DNA replication and transcription, including the KEY
enzymes required. Understand the chemical compositions of DNA and RNA.
19. Describe how proteins are synthesized including the role of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, amino
acids, and the ribosomes. Discuss the nature and the importance of the genetic code.
20. Know the major body cavities, the linings and sectioning planes: their names and
locations.
21. Know the elements and vital nutrients that have major significance in living organisms,
particularly humans. (Salts, saccharides, AA’s, vitamins, minerals, et al.)
22. Understand the definition of cancer and the mechanisms that can lead to its formation.
(p. 142 – 144)
Human Anatomy & Physiology I NSCC
Page 2 of 2