Download Biology Reporting Category 1: Cell Structure and Function

Biology Reporting Category
1: Cell Structure and Function
Structures & Function of Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Name: __________________________
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Lipids
Composition
(made up of)
C H O
1: 2: 1
CHONP
C H O N (S)
CHO
1: 1: 1
Monomer
Simple Sugar
Nucleotide
Amino Acids
Glycerol & Fatty Acids
Structure
Function
Example(s)
Other
Main source of energy,
especially short-term
energy
Used for genetic
material, which codes
for traits
Used for antibodies,
muscle movement,
enzymes, hormones,
structure, transport, and to
store amino acids
Used for long-term
energy storage
Glucose, starch,
cellulose, glycogen
DNA, RNA, ATP
Enzymes, cell structure
Fats, oils, Waxes
Bonded by: Peptide
Bonds
Saturated: only C-C
single bonds
Unsaturated: at least 1
C = C bond
Triglyceride: 3 fatty
acids + glycerol
Monosaccharide: simple
sugar
Disaccharide: double (two
sugars)
Polysaccharide: many
sugars (large)
Nitrogen Bases
DNA: ACGT
RNA: ACGU
Cellular Processes
Homeostasis
Synthesis of new Molecules
Regulation of conditions (like pH or temperature) within a
cell that allow for internal equilibrium (balance)
Cells can create new molecules from simpler molecules,
like when proteins are made from amino acids
Energy Conversion
Transport of Molecules
In plants: through photosynthesis, radiant energy from
the sun is converted into a glucose, which provides
chemical energy for the plant
Molecules move in and out of cells across the cell
membrane by various means:
- active transport requires energy
- passive transport does not require energy
Osmosis is the movement of water across a cell membrane
Hypotonic: more water moves into cell than out
Hypertonic: more water moves out of the cell than in
Isotonic: equal movement of water in and out of the cell
In plants and animal cells: During (aerobic) cellular
respiration in the mitochondria, the chemical energy
found in glucose is transformed into cellular energy (ATP)
Cell Structures & Functions
Organelle
Function
Cell Wall
Provides and maintains the shape of the cell and serves as a
protective barrier
Cell (Plasma)
Membrane
Centrioles
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Golgi Body
Lysosomes
Rough ER
(Endoplasmic
Reticulum)
Smooth ER
(Endoplasmic
Reticulum)
Microtubules &
Microfilaments
Found in Cells of…
Plant (Cellulose)
Eubacteria (Peptidoglycan)
Controls what molecules are allowed in and out of the cell. Made of a
double layer of phospholipid molecules that form semi-permeable
membrane around cell.
Help with cell division in animal cells
The solution that fills the cell. Contains lots of proteins and dissolved
ions that are involved in many cell reactions.
Performs the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
(with energy from sunlight) into glucose (C6H12O6) & oxygen (O2).
Control center of the cell. Contains cell’s DNA (genetic material).
DNA never leaves the nucleus, but messages (as mRNA) can be sent
to other parts of the cell
Smallest organelle found in ALL cells. Builds proteins by putting
together long chains of amino acids
Powerhouse of the cell. Converts glucose into ATP, an energy
molecule used in almost every reaction in the cell. Cellular
Respiration occurs here.
Stores food, water, etc. A membrane-enclosed sac that can be filled
with anything the cell needs to keep separate
Receives products from the ER and adds final modification. It also
sorts these products and sends them to their final destination
Breaks down large molecules and old cell parts into their components
that can be recycled to build new cell parts.
Large folded membrane system studded with ribosomes. Transports
substances. The products are shipped to the Golgi Body.
Fungi (Chitin)
All Cells
Animals
All Cells
Plants, Some Protists
All Eukaryotes
All Cells
All Eukaryotes
All Eukaryotes
All Eukaryotes
All Eukaryotes
All Eukaryotes
Large folded membrane system. Puts together lipids and is important All Eukaryotes
in making new membranes. Proteins are stored for transportation
elsewhere in the cell
Maintains the cell’s shape and allows cell movement. Other
All Eukaryotes
organelles are anchored to this network to form cytoskeleton. Work
together in muscle contractions and the motion of cilia and flagella
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Cell Types
Unicellular
Organism that exists as a
single, independent cell
Multicellular
Organism that exists as
specialized groups of cells
Prokaryote
Has nuclear material in the
center of the cell, but it is not
enclosed by a nuclear
membrane; no membranebound organelles;
Examples: bacteria
Eukaryote
Contain a clearly defined
nucleus enclosed by a
nuclear membrane and
membrane-bound
organelles;
Examples: plants, animals,
fungi, and protists
Organism Growth: The Cell Cycle, Including Mitosis
Organisms grow when new cells are created, which occurs as the outcome of the Cell Cycle
Cells that undergo mitosis have both sets of chromosome (diploid), and the chromosome number is the same at the
end of mitosis.
Cell Cycle Section
Purpose/Additional Information
A
G1 phase
Intense growth and enzyme production
B
S phase
DNA Synthesis/Replication (see Reporting Category 2)
C
G2 phase
Growth and preparation for cell division
D
Prophase
E
Metaphase
F
Anaphase
G
Telophase
Cytokinesis
H
(D + E + F+ G) Mitosis (M phase)
I
(A + B + C) Interphase
J
G0 phase
Chromatin in the nucleus condenses. Nucleolus
disappears. Centrioles begin moving to opposite ends of
cell. Fibers extend from centromeres.
Spindle fibers align the chromosomes in the middle of cell
nucleus.
Paired chromosomes separate into chromatids and move
to opposite sides of the cell.
Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of the cell and new
membranes form around the daughter nuclei.
Cytoplasm and organelles are divided. In plant cells, cell
wall between the daughter cells form.
The nuclear division of PMAT plus cytokinesis; produces
two identical daughter cells from the parent cell.
Cell is busy with metabolic activity and preparing for
mitosis.
Resting phase (cells exit and then return to cell cycle)
A Closer Look at Mitosis
H
D
P
J
E
M
F
A
I
G
T
Cytokinesis
When cells fail to enter the resting phase, G0, as indicated by
letter J in the diagram, cells undergo uncontrolled cell
division, which leads to diseases like cancer.
Chromosome Parts
Viruses
A Virus is a tiny, non-living structure that depends on host cell for metabolism. Viruses
cannot be treated with antibiotics. Viruses cause diseases like HIV & influenza.
Feature
Virus
Cell
Structure
Head has nucleic acids (DNA or
Has nucleic acids, cell membrane,
RNA) surrounded by protein coat
ribosomes, cytoplasm, and
(capsid)
organelles
Reproduction Attaches to host cell and releases
Divides into two similar cells after
its nucleic acids; host cells make
growth (does not require a host
viruses and die
cell)
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Top 5 Things about cells
1.
Cells are the basic unit of life.
2.
There are two types of cells: Prokaryotic (no nuclues)
& Eukaryotic (nucleus).
3.
All cells contain genetic material (DNA).
4. Groups of similar cells form tissues.
5.
Cells contain structures called organelles which carry
out specific functions.