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CHANGING THE LIVING WORLD
OBJECTIVES: 13.1
Explain the purpose of selective breeding.
Describe two techniques used in selective breeding.
Tell why breeders try to induce mutations.
________ breeding allows
only those animals with
desired ______ to produce
offspring.
We use selective breeding,
which takes advantage of
naturally occurring _______
variations in plants, animals,
and other organism, to pass
desired traits on to the next
generation.
____________ is the crossing of dissimilar
individual to bring together the best of both
organisms (______).
_____________ is the continued breeding of
individuals with similar characteristics.
There is always a chance that a ______ between
two individuals will bring together two ______
alleles for a genetic defect.
Examples of defects: _______, ______________
in German shepherds and golden retrievers.
Breeders can increase variation in a population by
inducing _________, which are the ultimate source
of genetic __________.
Mutations are an _________ changes in DNA.
Using these techniques scientists have made new
________ and ________.
MANIPULATING DNA
OBJECTIVE: 13.2
Explain how scientists manipulate DNA.
Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of
____ and its chemical properties to study and
change DNA molecules.
Different techniques are used to extract DNA from
cells, to cut DNA into smaller pieces, to identify
the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and to
make unlimited copies of DNA.
_________ __________ makes changes in the
DNA code of a living organisms.
__________ enzymes cuts DNA at specific
sequence of ___________.
____ ___________ is the method of separating
DNA fragments.
DNA fragments are placed into one end of a
porous gel, and an electric _________ is applied
to the gel.
___________ charged DNA fragments move
toward the positive end of the gel.
The smaller the DNA fragments, the ______ and
________ they move.
Gel electrophoresis can be used to compare
_________.
It can locate and id a particular gene.
___________ DNA is when a gene from one
organism is splice and attached to another
organisms DNA.
__________ _______ ________ (PCR) makes
copies of a particular gene.
A ______ is added (a place for DNA polymerase to
start working) and the DNA is heated into two
separate strand.
DNA polymerase makes copies of the region
between primers.
heat
CELL TRANSFORMATION
OBJECTIVES: 13.3
Summarize what happens during transformation.
Explain how you can tell if a transformation
experiment has been successful.
During ____________, a cell takes in DNA from
outside the cell.
This ________ DNA becomes a __________ of
the cell’s DNA.
_______ are circular
DNA molecules.
1.The plasmid has to
have a sequence that
promote ________.
2. It has to have a genetic
marker.
A ________ marker is a gene that makes it
possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the
plasmid (and the foreign DNA) from those that
don’t.
These markers allows us to distinguish that plasmid
from other cells that does not have the __________
DNA.
After transformation the cells are treated with and
___________.
Only those cells that have been transformed
______, because only they carry a ________ gene.
Many plant cells can be transformed by using a
process that takes advantage of a bacterium.
The bacterium in nature inserts a small DNA
plasmid that produces ______ in a plant’s cell.
They have found they can inactivate the tumorproducing gene and insert a piece of foreign DNA
into the plasmid.
The recombinant plasmid can then be used to
_______ plant cells.
DNA can be taken up directly or ________ into a
cell.
If _________ is successful, the _____________
DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes.
___ cells, of animals, are large enough to that
DNA can be injected into the nucleus.
Once inside _______ normally responsible for
DNA repair and recombination may help insert the
foreign DNA.
The DNA used for recombination also has a
genetic marker.
APPLICATIONS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
OBJECTIVES: 13.4
Describe the usefulness of some transgenic
organism to humans.
Summarize the main steps in cloning.
The ______ nature of genetic mechanism makes it
possible to construct organisms that are
_________, meaning that contain genes from
other species.
Transgenic organism – makes _____, ______
hormone, ________ factors.
Transgenic animals – improve food supply.
Transgenic plants – in 2000 52% of the soybeans,
and 25% of the corn in the U.S., produces natural
insecticides, resists weed killer.
A ______ is a member of a population of genetically
identical cells produced from a ______ cell.
Dolly
Dolly
The cloning of humans, while possible, raises serious ______and
_____ issues that caused people to oppose such work