* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 20 Terms to Know
Epigenetic clock wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics in stem-cell differentiation wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 20: Terms to Know Genetic engineering 2. Biotechnology 3. Recombinant DNA 4. Gene cloning 5. Restriction enzymes 6. Sticky ends 7. DNA ligase 8. Cloning vector 9. Nucleic acid hybridization 10. Genomic library 1. 11. cDNA library 12. PCR 13. Gel electrophoresis 14. Southern blotting 15. DNA microarray assays 16. SNPs 17. RFLPs 18. Stem cells 19. Gene therapy 20. GMO (genetically modified organism) What You Must Know: The terminology of biotechnology. The steps in gene cloning with special attention to the biotechnology tools that make cloning possible. The key ideas that make PCR possible. How gel electrophoresis can be used to separate DNA fragments or protein molecules. What is Biotechnology? Biotechnology: process of manipulating organisms or their components for the purpose of making useful products. Genetic Engineering: process of manipulating genes and genomes Types of Biotechnology 4 MAIN AREAS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Transgenic Biotechnology Reproductive cloning Reprogramming of Cells Forensic Biotechnology Mixing genetic material from multiple sources (species) Techniques used to clone certain species (mammals) Reprogramming differentiated cells or using stem cells to become needed tissues in patients with diseases or physical harm Use of restriction enzymes and electrophoresis to distinguish one person from another 5 Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA: DNA that has been artificially made, using DNA from different sources eg. Human gene inserted into E.coli Tools of Genetic Engineering Restriction enzymes (restriction endonucleases): used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations (restriction sites) Restriction Fragments: have at least 1 sticky end (single-stranded end) DNA ligase: joins DNA fragments Cloning vector: carries the DNA sequence to be cloned (eg. bacterial plasmid) Using a restriction enzyme (RE) and DNA ligase to make recombinant DNA Gene Cloning Gene cloning: process by which scientists can produce multiple copies of specific segments of DNA that they can then work with in the lab Wait, what is a plasmid? A plasmid is a small, circular piece of DNA that not only is separate from the chromosome, but can also replicate independently. 11 Insulin Insulin is made by the pancreas. This peptide hormone (protein) ensures that glucose is taken up by the cells for cellular respiration. If the pancreas is defective then the blood sugar levels get dangerously high causing many physiological effects (Diabetes mellitus). Using very similar technique as HGH production previously mentioned, scientists were able to use E. coli to bioengineer synthetic insulin in 1977. Other transgenic organisms used to produce insulin today are yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and a plant called safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). 12 13 Techniques of Genetic Engineering PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): amplify (copy) piece of DNA without use of cells Gel Electrophoresis: used to separate DNA molecules on basis of size and charge using an electrical current (DNA + pole) Gel Electrophoresis: used to separate DNA molecules on basis of size and charge using an electrical current (DNA + pole) Cloning Organisms Nuclear transplantation: nucleus of egg is removed and replaced with nucleus of body cell Nuclear Transplantation Problems with Reproductive Cloning Cloned embryos exhibited various defects DNA of fully differentiated cell have epigenetic changes Stem Cells Stem cells: can reproduce itself indefinitely and produce other specialized cells Zygote = totipotent (any type of cell) Embryonic stem cells = pluripotent (many cell types) Adult stem cells = multipotent (a few cell types) or induced pluripotent, iPS (forced to be pluripotent) Embryonic vs. Adult stem cells Using stem cells for disease treatment Applications of DNA Technology 1. Diagnosis of disease – identify alleles, viral DNA 2. Gene therapy – alter afflicted genes 3. Production of pharmaceuticals 4. Forensic applications – DNA profiling 5. Environmental cleanup – use microorganisms 6. Agricultural applications - GMOs Gene therapy using a retroviral vector “Pharm” animal: produce human protein secreted in milk for medical use DNA Fingerprinting RFLPs (“rif-lips”) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Cut DNA with different restriction enzymes Each person has different #s of DNA fragments created Analyze DNA samples on a gel for disease diagnosis Outdated method of DNA profiling (required a quarter-sized sample of blood) RFLPs – Disease Diagnosis STR Analysis STR = Short Tandem Repeats Non-coding DNA has regions with sequences (2- 5 base length) that are repeated Each person has different # of repeats at different locations (loci) Current method of DNA fingerprinting used – only need 20 cells for analysis STR Analysis STR Analysis Biotechnology Techniques How to make Recombinant DNA Summarize: What is this technique? Draw and label a diagram to show this technique What are the main tools or materials involved? Applications: What is this being used for? Gel Electrophoresis PCR