Download Chapter 20 Terms to Know

Chapter 20: Terms to Know
Genetic engineering
2. Biotechnology
3. Recombinant DNA
4. Gene cloning
5. Restriction enzymes
6. Sticky ends
7. DNA ligase
8. Cloning vector
9. Nucleic acid hybridization
10. Genomic library
1.
11. cDNA library
12. PCR
13. Gel electrophoresis
14. Southern blotting
15. DNA microarray assays
16. SNPs
17. RFLPs
18. Stem cells
19. Gene therapy
20. GMO (genetically
modified organism)
What You Must Know:
 The terminology of biotechnology.
 The steps in gene cloning with special attention to
the biotechnology tools that make cloning
possible.
 The key ideas that make PCR possible.
 How gel electrophoresis can be used to separate
DNA fragments or protein molecules.
What is Biotechnology?
 Biotechnology: process of manipulating
organisms or their components for the
purpose of making useful products.
 Genetic Engineering: process of
manipulating genes and genomes
Types of Biotechnology
4 MAIN AREAS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Transgenic
Biotechnology
Reproductive
cloning
Reprogramming
of Cells
Forensic
Biotechnology
Mixing genetic material from multiple
sources (species)
Techniques used to clone certain species
(mammals)
Reprogramming differentiated cells or
using stem cells to become needed tissues
in patients with diseases or physical harm
Use of restriction enzymes and
electrophoresis to distinguish one person
from another
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Recombinant DNA
 Recombinant DNA: DNA that has been
artificially made, using DNA from different
sources
 eg. Human gene inserted into E.coli
Tools of Genetic Engineering
 Restriction enzymes (restriction endonucleases): used
to cut strands of DNA at specific locations (restriction
sites)
 Restriction Fragments: have at least 1 sticky end
(single-stranded end)
 DNA ligase: joins DNA fragments
 Cloning vector: carries the DNA sequence to be cloned
(eg. bacterial plasmid)
Using a restriction
enzyme (RE) and
DNA ligase to
make recombinant
DNA
Gene Cloning
Gene cloning: process by which scientists can produce multiple copies of specific
segments of DNA that they can then work with in the lab
Wait, what is a plasmid?
A plasmid is a small,
circular piece of
DNA that not only is
separate from the
chromosome, but can
also replicate
independently.
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Insulin
Insulin is made by the pancreas.
 This peptide hormone (protein) ensures that glucose is taken up by the
cells for cellular respiration.
 If the pancreas is defective then the blood sugar levels get dangerously
high causing many physiological effects (Diabetes mellitus).
 Using very similar technique as HGH production previously
mentioned, scientists were able to use E. coli to bioengineer synthetic
insulin in 1977.
 Other transgenic organisms used to produce insulin today are yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and a plant called safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius).
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Techniques of Genetic Engineering
PCR (Polymerase Chain
Reaction): amplify (copy)
piece of DNA without use
of cells
Gel Electrophoresis: used to separate DNA molecules
on basis of size and charge using an electrical current
(DNA  + pole)
Gel Electrophoresis: used to separate DNA molecules
on basis of size and charge using an electrical current
(DNA  + pole)
Cloning Organisms
 Nuclear transplantation: nucleus of egg is
removed and replaced with nucleus of body cell
Nuclear Transplantation
Problems with Reproductive Cloning
 Cloned embryos exhibited various defects
 DNA of fully differentiated cell have epigenetic
changes
Stem Cells
 Stem cells: can reproduce itself indefinitely and
produce other specialized cells
 Zygote = totipotent (any type of cell)
 Embryonic stem cells = pluripotent (many cell types)
 Adult stem cells = multipotent (a few cell types) or
induced pluripotent, iPS (forced to be pluripotent)
Embryonic
vs. Adult
stem cells
Using stem cells for disease treatment
Applications of DNA Technology
1. Diagnosis of disease – identify alleles, viral DNA
2. Gene therapy – alter afflicted genes
3. Production of pharmaceuticals
4. Forensic applications – DNA profiling
5. Environmental cleanup – use microorganisms
6. Agricultural applications - GMOs
Gene therapy using a retroviral vector
“Pharm” animal: produce human protein
secreted in milk for medical use
DNA Fingerprinting
RFLPs (“rif-lips”)
 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
 Cut DNA with different restriction enzymes
 Each person has different #s of DNA fragments
created
 Analyze DNA samples on a gel for disease
diagnosis
 Outdated method of DNA profiling (required a
quarter-sized sample of blood)
RFLPs – Disease Diagnosis
STR Analysis
 STR = Short Tandem Repeats
 Non-coding DNA has regions with sequences (2-
5 base length) that are repeated
 Each person has different # of repeats at
different locations (loci)
 Current method of DNA fingerprinting used –
only need 20 cells for analysis
STR Analysis
STR Analysis
Biotechnology Techniques
How to make
Recombinant
DNA
Summarize: What is
this technique?
Draw and label a
diagram to show this
technique
What are the main
tools or materials
involved?
Applications: What is
this being used for?
Gel
Electrophoresis
PCR