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Homework #4 is due 12/3/07 (only if needed) Bonus #2 posted Year End Topics: •mtDNA •Mapping •Probability •Evolution and the Origin of Humans Genotype Phenotype Dominant Recessive Genotype Phenotype Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits… It is rarely this simple. Figs 1.15-17 The relationship between genes and traits is often complex Complexities include: • Complex relationships between alleles • Multiple genes controlling one trait • One gene controlling multiple traits • Environmental effects Is this all of your DNA? Mitochondria have their own DNA. Fig 3.18 Both Mitochondria and Chloroplast have DNA Fig 3.19 Endosymbiotic Theory - proposed origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from free-living bacteria to cellular organelles Human Life Cycle Combination of two individuals DNA Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring. mitochondria Pg 112 Human Life Cycle In females Mom provides 50.000275% and Dad provides 49.999825% of DNA to offspring. … because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA A few diseases are caused by mutations in mtDNA Fig 3.24 Pedigree of a mitochondrial disease: Which shape represents females? Fig 3.25 Pedigree of a mitochondrial disease: Males and females may be affected by a disease coded on mtDNA, but only females pass it on. Fig 3.25 Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry: During the Bolshevik revolution, the Tsar’s family was captured and executed. Tsar’s Family There are many stories about what happened to their youngest daughter Anastasia Tsar’s Family Anna Anderson, claimed she was Anastasia Anna Anderson claimed she was Anastasia, but tests of her mtDNA and one of Anastasia’s maternal relatives did not match. For more info check out: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia Or the book “Seven Daughters of Eve” by Bryan Sykes Next week for our final lecture of the semester, we will look at what DNA can tell us about the origins of Homo sapiens. Variation in Peas Fig 3.2 Phenotype Genotype Fig 3.3 Tracking two separate genes, for two separate traits, each with two alleles. Ratio of 9:3:3:1 Fig 3.4 Approximate position of seed color and shape genes in peas Y y Gene for seed color r Chrom. 1/7 R Chrom. 7/7 Gene for seed shape Recombinants are meiotic output different from meiotic input Fig 3.11 Linked alleles tend to be inherited together Fig 4.2 Crossing over produces new allelic combinations Fig 4.3 Recombinants are produced by crossovers Fig 4.7 Box 2.2 Crossingover Meiosis: In humans, crossing-over and (Ind. Assort.) independent assortment lead to over 1 trillion possible unique gametes. (1,000,000,000,000) Meiosis I Meiosis II 4 Haploid cells, each unique For linked genes, recombinant frequencies are less than 50 percent Fig 4.8 Homologous pair of chromosomes • Does this pedigree show linkage? Fig 4.23 • Does this pedigree show linkage? Fig 4.23 The probability of crossing over can be used to determine the spatial relationship of different genes Fig 4.9 Homework #4 is due 12/3/07 (only if needed) Bonus #2 posted Year End Topics: •mtDNA •Mapping •Probability •Evolution and the Origin of Humans