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Review Sheet for Lecture Exam 2 Chapter Five Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 1. Structure and function of Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides). Glycosidic linkage. Dehydration reactions, Hydrolysis reactions 2. Structure and function of Lipids (Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids). Ester linkage, saturated and unsaturated fats 3. Structure and function of proteins. Levels of protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary) Peptide bonds. How many amino acids are there? What do all amino acids have in common? How do they differ? What is a chaperonin protein? What is denaturation? 4. Structure and function of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). How does DNA differ from RNA? What are the bases in DNA and RNA? What are purines and pyrimidines? What are the base pairing rules? What does it mean when we talk about the 5’3’ and the 3’5’ direction of DNA? What is the overall process of protein synthesis? (see fig 5.23) 5. What is genomics? Chapter Six A Tour of the Cell 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. How we study cells (cell fractionation and types of microscopes) Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells Functions of the cell parts Differences between plant and animal cells The cell theory states what? What are the intercellular connections (fig 6.30) Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ systems-Organisms Chapter Seven-Membrane Structure and Function 1. 2. 3. 4. Structure of the cell or plasma membrane (fig.7.3) Function of the proteins in the cell membrane Movement of small molecules and water across the cell membrane. Diffusion, Osmosis (hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions. Make sure you understand what happens to the cell under those conditions. See fig 7.12) Facilitated diffusion and Active transport. 5. Sodium-Potassium pump 6. Moving large molecules across the plasma membrane. Exocytosis and Endocytosis (see fig 7.19) Chapter Eight-An Introduction to Metabolism 1. Metabolism, Catabolism and Anabolism 2. Potential and Kinetic energy 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The two Laws of Thermodynamics Free energy Exergonic and Endergonic reactions ATP structure and function Enzyme structure and function (substrate, active site, induced fit) What is activation energy? How are enzymes inhibited? (competitive and noncompetitive inhibition) Cofactors and coenzymes Feedback inhibition