Download Cell Cycle DNA Structure and Replication Student PPT Nts

DNA: The Molecule of Heredity (Ch. 11)
11.2 What Is the Structure of DNA?
11.3 How Does DNA Encode Genetic Information?
11.4 How Does DNA Replication Ensure Genetic Constancy During Cell Division?
11.5 What Are Mutations, and How Do They Occur?
Muscles, Mutations, and Myostatin
Belgian Blues have more, and larger, muscle cells than ordinary cattle do. Why?
The DNA of a Belgian Blue is very slightly different from the DNA of the other cattle –
the Belgian Blue has a change, or mutation, in the DNA of its ____________________.
As a result, it produces defective myostatin. Belgian Blue pre-muscle cells multiply
more than normal, and the cells become extra large as they differentiate, producing
remarkably buff cattle.
1.How does DNA contain the instructions for traits such as muscle size, flower color, or
gender?
2. How are these instructions passed, usually unchanged, form generation to
generation?
3. And why do the instructions sometimes change?
9.1 Why Do Cells Divide?
 What do you think most cells are too small to be seen with naked
eye (1-100mm in diameter)????
 as a spherical cell enlarges, innermost parts get _______________
from the plasma membrane
• diffusion - takes _______________to supply important
processes deep within cell
• ___________________more rapidly than ________________
#1. ______________(require more nutrients & create more
waste) have a ______________________(for receiving
nutrients & eliminating wastes) = not enough to
exchange/survive
http://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=xuG4ZZ1GbzI
__________________: cells reproduce and produce 2 daughter
cells that are ____________ to the parent cell
•specific sequence of nucleotides in genes
spells out instructions for making ___________
histones
# 2. Required for ________________________________________
a. Eukaryotic cells (w/ nucleus) use ____________cell division to
______________ or increase in ___________________
b. Daughter cells differentiate becoming specialized for specific
functions
______________________–
a) self renewal –
b) retain ability to divide
or ___________________
into a variety of cell types
(1 daughter differentiates,
the other remains a stem
cell)
So what does the life of a
cell look like?
The Cell Cycle
The ________________ pattern of dividing, growing, differentiating,
and dividing again
• Eukaryotic cell cycle consists of 1)_____________ (blue) and 2)
________________ cell division (red)
1. Interphase = acquisition of nutrients, growth, and DNA
replication
 G1 (growth phase 1): acquires
nutrients, ________, decides to divide
 S (synthesis phase): ________
___________________
 G2 (growth phase 2): stops
growing, __________________
for cell division
Cell exits
cycle
S Phase: DNA Synthesis
______________________: hereditary information of all living cells
 polymer composed of nucleotides:
1. _______________
2. sugar  _______________
3. 1 of 4 bases:
• ________________ (A)
• ________________ (T)
• ________________ (G)
• ________________ (C)
DNA is a Double Helix of Two Nucleotide Strands
Maurice ___________ & Rosalind ________________ (1940’s): used
____________________technique to produce pictures of the structure
of DNA
____________
_____________
Repeating
patterns
Francis ______ & James ________:
combined X-ray data with other
research and built the first double
helix model of DNA (3/7/53)
 single strand of DNA is a
polymer of many nucleotide
subunits
 ______________________
backbone
 strands are _________________
(see next slide)
 Antiparallel strands
 1 end  ‘free’ or unbonded
________________ (____)
 1 end  ‘free’ or unbonded
_____________ ) (_____)
 Complementary base pair
& Chargaff’s Rule
 #____ = #____
 #____ = #____
http://www.dnalc.org/view/15495-Chargaff
 Size of bases
 A & G – 2 fused rings
(_______________-Purines)
 C & T - single rings
(_____________ – Pyrimidines)
 rungs are same width – constant diameter
 ________________ bonds between complementary bases hold
2 DNA strands together
http://www.sciencemusicvideos.com/dna-fantastic/ - DNA Rap
11.3 How Does DNA Encode Genetic Information
DNA carries the _________________in its sequence of 4 nucleotides
 DNA 10 nucleotides long can form 1 million different sequences
Different _______________________ encode for very different
pieces of information (or no info)
 Friend / Fiend / Fliend
11.4 How Does DNA Replication Ensure Genetic Constancy
During Cell Division?
 Rudolf Virchow (1850’s):
“All cells come from _______________ cells”
 Cells reproduce by dividing in half
 Each of the 2 daughter cells gets an _________
copy of the parent cells genetic
information
 DNA replication = duplication of the
___________ cell DNA
• DNA replication produces 2 DNA double helices each with
1 original strand and 1 new strand = _________________________
________________________
• Complementary ___________________provides a model for
how DNA replicates
• Ingredients for replication:
1. ______________DNA strands
2. Free _____________________
3. _______________ to unwind
parental and synthesize
new DNA strands
If no mistakes have been made, the base sequence of both new
strands are _____________________ to the base sequence of
the parental DNA
• ____________________: enzyme that pulls apart parental DNA
double helix at H-bonds btwn complementary pairs
• DNA ____________________: enzyme that pairs free nucleotides
with their complementary nucleotide on each separated strand
(moves in the _________________direction but adds to the 3’ side)
Replication fork
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qSrmeiWsuc
How long does DNA replication take?
• Human chromosomes range from _________ nucleotides in the Y
chromosome to ______________ nucleotides in Chromosome 1.
• Eukaryotic DNA copied at 50 nucleotides/sec; takes 12-58 days to copy a
human chromosome in one continuous piece. MAKE SENSE? EFFICIENT?
• ______…so
_________ DNA
helicases & DNA
polymerases
work to split
and copy small
pieces of the
DNA strand at
the ____________
_____________
• Since DNA polymerase always moves from 5’ (phosphate-end) to
3’ (sugar-end) and DNA strands are antiparallel, DNA polymerase
molecules move in __________________directions.
DNA polymerase adds bases on the __________
• Short ___________ strands are synthesized while the helicase
continues to unwind in the opposite direction
• DNA _______:
enzyme that ties
DNA together
https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=1L
8Xb6j7A4w – DNA
Replication Rap
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M
at 9min mark – lagging strand replication
Activity: http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=169&cat=biology
1. How does DNA replication differ in Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes?
2. How do the 3 DNA Polymerases differ from each other?
3. How do the enzymes helicase and gyrase (or DNA topoisomerase II) work together?
4.What are the roles of primase and RNA primer in DNA Replication?
5. When does the enzyme ligase start to function?
11.5 What Are Mutations and How Do They Occur?
• ___________________: infrequent changes in the nucleotide
sequence that result in _______________________ genes
• often _________________- can cause organism to die quickly
• Some have _____ functional _________________
• Some may be _________________ and provide an advantage
to an organism in certain environments (basis for evolution?)
Case Study: What do myostatin and the cell cycle have to do with
these Belgian Blue Bulls?
• Accurate replication and proofreading produce _______________
________ DNA
• DNA polymerase mismatches nucleotides once every 1,000 to
100,000 base pairs
• Completed DNA strands contain only about 1 mistake in every
100 mill to 1 bill base pairs
• In humans, this amounts
to less than _____ error /
chromosome / replication
• Toxic ______________ &
_________________ can also
alter/damage DNA
• Types of __________ mutations or
(______________________________): changes to individual
nucleotides in the DNA sequence
• ___________ mutations: when 1 or more new nucleotide pairs
are inserted into the
DNA double helix
• Deletion mutations:
when 1 or more
nucleotide pairs are
_______________ from
the double helix
• Types of ___________________________________ mutations
• ___________________: when a piece of DNA is cut out of a
chromosome, turned around, and re-inserted into the gap
• ______________________: when a chunk of DNA (usually
large) is removed from 1 chromosome and attached to another
Case Study: What mutation do the Belgian Blue Cattle have?
 _______________________in their myostatin gene which causes
cells to stop synthesizing the myostatin protein about halfway
through.
 Other animals, including several breeds of dogs, such as whippets
may also have myostatin mutations.
 All of these mutations result in
_______________________________proteins.
This fact reveals an important feature of the language of DNA:
The nucleotide words must be spelled just right, or at least really
close, for the resulting proteins to function.
In contrast, any one of the enormous number of possible mistakes will
render the proteins useless.
 __________________________have myostatin, too.
 A child born in Germany inherited a point mutation in his
myostatin gene from both parents
 7 months - had well-developed calf, thigh, and buttock
muscles.
 4 years old - could hold a 7-pound dumbbell in each hand
with his arms full extended horizontally out to his sides.
What to Study:
1. Ch. 9.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 & 11.5
1. PPT Nts and your section notes
3. Activities / Labs
3. Quia quizzes
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ktAAxV1BZM – crash
course on DNA Structure and Replication
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qSrmeiWsuc – basic
replication