* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Searching for the “Secret of Life”
Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Transfer RNA wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid tertiary structure wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Frameshift mutation wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
DNA to PROTEIN 2 step process of transcription and translation Protein Synthesis: >Transcription & Translation DNA contains all the information for your traits – in the form of genes These genes are blueprints and need to remain safe – kept inside the nucleus Copies can be made through – a messenger Form proteins (polymers) from the building blocks – amino acids (monomers) Genotype Phenotype (genetic) (observable) DNA mRNA tRNA PROTEIN Transcription Translation Transcription – making mRNA from DNA in the nucleus mRNA – stands for messenger RNA it is the copy of the DNA message for making a protein Occurs in the nucleus only Transcription Section 12-3 Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) RNA polymerase DNA RNA Transcription DNA RNA A U (Steps) DNA “unzips” – helicases separate DNA molecule Free-floating RNA w/in the nucleus attach to T complementary DNA base pairs C Covalent bonds form b/w sugar-phosphate backbone C mRNA is released DNA zips back up A G G mRNA Transcribes DNA message and carries it to ribosomes RNA polymerase is the enzyme that matches up the base pairs No T (thymine) so when it reads the nucleotide A on DNA it matches it with U (Uracil). CLICK ON PICTURE FOR ANIMATION ON TRANSCRIPTION Translation – using mRNA and tRNA to make proteins Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis mRNA base tRNA base codon anticodon A U U A C G G C Click here to see mRNA and tRNA work together at that ribosome to build a protein Codon = 3 mRNA nucleotides (bases) Anti-codon = 3 tRNA nucleotides (bases) 3 bases code for 1 specific amino acid Concept Map Section 12-3 RNA can be Messenger RNA also called Ribosomal RNA which functions to mRNA also called which functions to rRNA Combine with proteins Carry instructions from to to make up DNA Ribosome Ribosomes Transfer RNA also called which functions to tRNA Bring amino acids to ribosome Review – by now you should know… structure of DNA How DNA replicates Differences b/w DNA & RNA Steps of Transcription & Translation Parts of tRNA 3 types of RNA Translation Section 12-3 Nucleus Messenger RNA Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus. Phenylalanine Methionine tRNA Ribosome mRNA Go to Section: Start codon Lysine mRNA Mutation – permanent change in DNA Important: Germ-cell source of new variation Mutations important for evolution. Causes: viruses, high temps, chemicals, radiation Occurs in gametes Somatic-cell Mutations Occurs in body cells Don’t affect Affects organism, but organism itself affects offspring Ex: skin cancer, leukemia 2 categories of mutations 1) Gene mutations – may involve large segments of DNA or a single nucleotide 2) Chromosome mutations – either changes in the structure of a chromosome or loss or gain of an entire chromosome Gene Mutations (large segments or a single nucleotide) Point mutations: change in 1 nitrogen base *Can do 1 of 3 things* Change a.a. being coded for the protein Change a.a. to a start and stop codon Not change the a.a. or http://www.intelihealth.com/i/P/PointMutationGEN.gif the protein at all Example: sickle cell anemia Gene Mutations (large segments or a single nucleotide) Frameshift mutation: addition or deletion of a nitrogen base Changes EVERY triplet & a.a. after the insertion or deletion of a nitrogen base More severe since more a.a. are affected http ://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/point_mutations.jpg http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/evolution/mutations/mutypes.gif Chromosomal Mutations Section 12-4 Deletion Insertion/ Duplication Inversion Translocation Chromosome mutations – either changes in the structure of a chromosome or loss or gain of an entire chromosome Inversion: chromosome segment breaks off and then reattaches in reverse orientation to the same chr Translocation: chr segment breaks off and attaches to different chr Causes sterility in plants Chromosome mutations – either changes in the structure of a chromosome or loss or gain of an entire chromosome Deletion: loss of a piece of chr due to chr breakage Nondisjunction: a pair of homologous chr or single chr fails to separate during meiosis 2 kinds of gametes result 1) trisomy (extra chr…3 homologous chr’s ) Down Syndrome (trisomy 21) 2) monosomy (missing a chr…1 homologous chr instead of 2) Ex: Turner’s Syndrome (X monosomy) Nondisjunction-Chromosome mutation Nondisjunction – Chr mutation http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100H/images/11nondisjunction.gif