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D eoxyribo-Nucleic Acid _____________ A ladder twisted Double helix DNA makes up genes that traits of determines the ______ all living things….such as: Eye color, skin color, texture, freckles, hair color, style…etc Makes up _____________ GENES Controls ____________ TRAITS Forms CHROMOSOMES _______________________ NUCLEUS of all cells Found in the __________ The code is found in the RUNGS “________” of the ladder. Each rung is a combination of 2 nitrogen bases ______ ________________ bonded together. The Nitrogen bases are: C = CYTOSINE G = GUANINE T = THYMINE A = ADENINE “A” bonds ONLY with “___” T “C” bonds ONLY with “___” G A C G T A A G G C This goes on for the entire length of the DNA billions of molecule, which consists of __________ nitrogen bases. T T T C C G A The ____________________ sequence of letters in DNA will determine what the trait is. For example: Lets take a look at the letters of the alphabet… If you change the letters to “O W L” means “A predatory bird” However… “L O W” it no longer means… “A predatory bird” Since DNA consists of billions of nitrogen bases, the amount of variation among organisms is HUGE. If you change only one letter, the entire code will be changed, and therefore the organism will be different!! •DNA makes up a chromosome _______________. •Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of every cell in the body!! A gene is a gene Small piece ____________ ____________ Of DNA that codes for one specific ____________ ______. trait 30,000 There are about __________ genes in an entire DNA molecule nucleus DNA contains the code for what protein will be made by the cell ribosome RNA is a “__________” helper molecule. It helps carry the DNA code to the __________ ribosome so it can make the protein. (Physical trait) Skin color/texture Eye color/shape Height Bone density Hair texture Etc… Oops!! •When the sequence of letters is changed. Since the code no longer reads the correct way, the cell does not make the correct protein. •Consequently, a different trait may appear. •They are usually BAD Deoxyribo-nucleic acid 1. What does DNA mean? _____________________________________ 2. Suppose one side of a DNA molecule had the bases A-A-G-T-C- G- A-T-G-G-C-A-C-C. What would the other side of the DNA look like? ____________________________________________ T-T-C-A-G-CT-A-C-C-G-T-G-G carry the DNA code to the ribosome 3. What is the function of RNA? _____________________________ A random change in the DNA code 4. What is a mutation? ______________________________________ 5. What term best describes what a DNA looks like? _________________ Double helix 6. Explain the relationship between DNA, chromosomes, and genes? A chromosomes is made up of DNA, which is consists of about 30,000 genes __________________________________________________________ 7. If everyone consists of only 4 nitrogen bases (A-T-C-G), why are no two people alike? __________________________________ bc it’s the sequence of nitogen bases that makes us different 46 8. How many chromosomes does a human have? ___________ About 30,000 9. How many genes does a human have? ___________ 10. Therefore, approximately how many genes are on a single chromosome? ~ ______ 650 11. If 24% of a DNA molecule is Adenine, what percent would be… 24 Thymine = ____% 26 Guanine= _____% 26 Cytosine= _____% DNA MOLECULE _______________ (SHAPE) SIDE PARTS RUNG PARTS ___________ ___________ ___________ & ___________ ___________ ___________ What is the difference between a cell, nucleus, chromosome, genes, and DNA? How are they related? WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN… Cell: ________________________________ Nucleus: ________________________________ Chromosome: _________________________________ Gene(s): _____________________________________ DNA: ________________________________________ How are they related? _____________________________ _______________________________________________ CHANGE A MUTATION is any _________________ in copying the DNA message. CHANGE = WRONG ______________ BASE PAIR MESSAGE A wrong base in the DNA gives the cell the wrong __________________. If a cell has the wrong message, the wrong type of ________________ is PROTEIN made. If the wrong protein is made, the wrong ________________ may appear. TRAIT 1. Simple copying mistakes during cell reproduction 1. A mutation causes a change in an offspring’s traits only when it takes place in the ___________________ PARENTS sex cells. 2. Chemicals 1. _______________ NICOTINE ASBESTOS 2. _______________ 3. Radiation 1. _______________ SUN X-RAY 2. _______________ __________________: MUTAGEN Any agent that can cause alterations to DNA HARMFUL MUTATIONS HELPFUL MUTATIONS Any trait that interferes with the REPRODUCTION ______________________ Any trait that enhances an organisms REPRODUCE ability to______________________ and _________________ SURVIVAL of an organism. and _________________ SURVIVE in its ENVIRONMENT _____________________. IDENTICAL DNA 1. The term “clone” refers to organisms having ____________________ copies Two “clones” are exact _______________ of each other. GENES TRAITS DNA Same _______ = Same __________ = Same _________ 2. Examples of clones: IDENTICAL TWINS ONE fertilized egg a. _________________: form from the splitting of _____ LABORATORY b. Clone organisms produced in ___________________ 20 20 20 20 20 Remove Body Cells 10 Remove Unfertilized Ovum 10 Destroy Nucleus Insert Nucleus from Dark frog into egg of Light frog