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DNA Replication Question: • What would be the complementary DNA strand for the following DNA sequence? DNA 5’-CGTATG-3’ copyright cmassengale 2 The “Central Dogma” Possible Modes of DNA Replication Phosphate Group Remember HOW the Carbons Are Numbered! O O=P-O O 5 CH2 O N C1 C4 Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Sugar (deoxyribose) C3 C2 copyright cmassengale 5 Remember the Strands are Antiparallel 5 O 3 3 P 5 O O C G 1 P 5 3 2 4 4 P 5 P 2 3 1 O T A 3 O 3 5 O copyright cmassengale 5 P P 6 Replication: 5’ to 3’ Direction ONLY Continuous replication on one strand Discontinuous replication on one strand Intro to Genetics: DNA Structure & Function • Genetics: the study of heredity – What determines an organism’s traits (characteristics)? – How are traits passed on from one cell to another, and from parents to offspring? • DNA: the molecule that carries genetic information • DNA has two important functions: • Carry instructions for making proteins that determine your traits • Replicate – make exact copies of itself so it can be passed on • DNA is found in all cells (in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells) Genetic Info in Cells Chromosomes Very long, coiled/bunched up strands of DNA that contain many genes Nucleotide Base Pairs Building blocks of DNA DNA Gene: Instructions for making a protein that determines a trait Another Gene: instructions for making a different protein that determines a different trait DNA Structure Objectives for Class: Describe the structure of DNA. DNA Structure DNA is made out of Nucleotides • Nucleotides have 3 parts: Deoxyribose Sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous Base (A, T, C, or G) DNA molecule = double helix of nucleotides Sides: alternating phosphates & sugars Middle/ “Rungs” of ladder: Pairs of Nitrogenous Bases connected by Hydrogen bonds Objectives for Class: Describe the structure of DNA. Base Pairing A ---- T G ---- C Objectives for Class: Describe the structure of DNA. Hydrogen bonds connect them DNA Replication: Overview • DNA can make an exact copy of itself! • Occurs every time a cell needs to reproduce • What is the first thing that would need to happen to replicate this DNA? Objectives for Class: Describe the structure of DNA. Steps of DNA Replication 1. Double helix splits (unwinds and unzips) – Hydrogen Bonds break – Separates into 2 single strands 2. New nucleotides match up with each side – DNA Polymerase is the enzyme that does this – Matches according to base-pairing rules 3. Two new strands twist up Result: Two Double Helices Each half old, half new. Objectives for Class: • List the steps of DNA replication DNA Replication: Summary Title: DNA Review Homework: Optional - Finish Parts 2 and/or 3 of the DNA Review Packet Silent Do Now: (in notebook w/ title & date) 1. Write the complementary base sequence to this single strand of DNA G A A C G T 2. Which of the pictures below best illustrates DNA replication? A. Why? B. C. Bonus: Who is the perfect Valentine for a gentleman named CTCT? DNA Replication is Catalyzed by Enzymes DNA Polymerase Adds Complementary Bases DNA Polymerase Sees Errors DNA Polymerase Repairs Errors