Download Biotechnology and the Human Genome

Biotechnology and
the Human Genome
REVIEW
CHAPTER 13 + 14a
Which enzyme?
• Is used in PCR to join nucleotides (not
separate like it states on the study sheet) to
make a strand of DNA?
• PCR animation
• ANSWER: Taq polymerase
Where was Taq polymerase
discovered?
•
•
•
•
A. Jamaica
B. Hot Springs
C. Antarctica
D. Atlantic Ocean
• ANSWER: B Hot Springs
Which enzyme is used to cut
DNA?
• Ligase
• Restriction
• TAQ
• Ti
• ANSWER: restriction
Which enzyme is used to paste
sticky ends (bind plasmid to DNA
fragment)?
• Ligase
• Restriction
• TAQ
• Ti
• ANSWER: ligase
Where is the plasmid?
A
A
CB
B
DD
What carries genes that destroys
antibiotics;
• Also used as a vector for genetic
engineering?
• ANSWER: R plasmid
What is an organism that has genes
inserted in it from another organism?
• ANSWER: transgenic
What is an organism (or plasmid)
that carries an organism (or genes)
into another organism?
• ANSWER: vector
What is a plasmid from
Agrobacterium tumefaciens to give
genetic material to plants?
• ANSWER: Ti plasmid
What matches this “sticky end?”
• A G TA C G TAA
•
G CATT
• AGTA
• TCAT
• Answer: TCAT
PCR is useful to do what?
•ANSWER: make
large copies from a
small amount of
DNA
Who Invented the PCR?
• ANSWER: Kary Mullis
How does the number of DNA
change with each cycle in the PCR?
• ANSWER: Doubles
What does a gel electrophoresis do?
• ANSWER: separates the DNA fragments
according to size
Which DNA fragments are the
longest?
• ANSWER: the ones at the top (near
wells)
What two things determine where
the strands will be on the gel?
• ANSWER: size of the fragments +
charge
• (DNA is negative and will move toward
the positive electrode)
Gel Electrophoresis Animation
• Click on the pictureClick Here
In a gel electrophoresis,
what direction do the DNA
fragments move?
• Acidic to basic
• Positive to
negative
• Basic to acidic
• Negative to
positive
ANSWER:
negative to
positive
Fill in the blanks for the DNA
fragments in a gel electrophoresis:
A ________
DNA segment
will travel less
far
A _______DNA
segment will
travel farther
• A. shorter
longer
• B. shorter
longer
(see next slide
for answer)
What are jumping genes?
• ANSWER: also called transposons
• are sequences of DNA that can move
around to different positions within the
genome of a single cell Animation Quiz 5 - Transposons:
Shifting Segments of the Genome
Who discovered jumping genes?
• ANSWER: Barbara McClintock
Where would telomeres be found?
• ANSWER: a region of repetitive DNA at
the end of a chromosome, which protects
the end of the chromosome from
deterioration.
What are RFLP’s?
• ANSWER: Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism
• Cut by restriction enzymes
• Rflp animation
What is biotechnology?
• ANSWER: use of living organisms or
their products to modify human health
and the human environment.
What is the number?
• Year Human Genome Project
began?
• ANSWER: 1990
What is the number?
• Year Human Genome Project
was completed?
• ANSWER: 2003
What number?
• Number of genes (working
genes) that actually code for
proteins in the human genome?
• ANSWER: 20,000 – 25,000
What is the number?
• Estimated number of genes in E.
coli bacterial cell?
• ANSWER: 2000
What is the number?
• Percentage of nucleotide bases
alike in all humans?
• ANSWER: 99.9%
What is the number?
• Percentage of DNA in a human cell
thought to be non-coding (junk
DNA)?
• ANSWER: 98% (was thought to
be 97%)
What is the number?
• Of nucleotide pairs (or base pairs)
in a haploid set of chromosomes?
• ANSWER: 3 billion
Match the GM PRODUCTS:
• A. Flavr Savr
• B. Golden Rice
• C. Roundup Ready
• D. Bt Cotton
• 1. given a gene increases skin
toughness
• 2. gene isolated from soil
bacterium to kill certain insects
(corn and cotton borers)
• 3. vitamin-A producing gene
added
• 4. gene put into soybeans to
control weeds due to its
glyphosate
• ANSWER: 1-A, 2-D, 3-B, 4-C
VNTR’s
1. Who’s child of Mom and Dad
2. Who is not?
How do you read a DNA
fingerprint?
How are the DNA fingerprints
made? (Put in order)
• ____Paper blot to transfer DNA bars to paper or
photograph
• ____Pipette DNA in Gel wells
• ____Connect to voltage supply
• ____Cut DNA segment with restriction enzymes
• _____Rinse blot with probes to make
autoradiograph
• Answer: 4, 2, 3, 1, 5
Steps of PCR
• A. Extension
• 1. heated 94oC to break apart
DNA strands
• B. Annealing • 2. DNA primers added when
cooled 54oC
oC to make the
•
3.
heated
to
72
• C. Denaturing
DNA strand copy
• ANSWER: 1-C, 2-B, 3-A
Match the scientists:
• A. McClintock
• B. Venter
• C. Mullis
• 1. discovered transposons
(jumping genes)
• 2. Heads Ceelera, an
automated genome coder at
fast pace
• 3. devised the PCR
• ANSWER: 1-A, 2-B, 3-C
CSI had a small amount of blood
from a crime scene. What could be
done to make a bigger sample?
• ANSWER: PCR
What must be done to cause an egg
and the udder cell of a sheep to fuse
to form an embryo?
• ANSWER: jolt with electricity
What is this structure called?
•
• ANSWER: recombinant DNA
Alba has genes from a jellyfish.
• What do you call organisms that
have genes from other
organisms?
• ANSWER:
transgenic
What is cloning?
• Clones are organisms that have
exact genetic material.
• Identical twins.
• Copies of recombinant DNA
• ALL of the above.
• ANSWER: all of the above
What is the name of the first cloned
sheep?
• ANSWER: Dolly
• IS SHE STILL ALIVE?
No, she died early with adult diseases,
like arthritis and lung cancer.
• (typical is 10-12 years)
What process separates DNA
fragments?
• PCR
• Gel electrophoresis
• Recombining DNA
• ANSWER: Gel
electrophoresis
What is a Radioactive Probe?
• A: Labeled short strand of DNA
to find a specific gene (like CF
gene)
What are four goals of the HGP?
• 1.To determine the sequences
of the 3 billion chemical base
pairs that make up human
DNA.
What are four goals of the HGP?
• 2. identify all the
approximately working
25,000 genes in
human DNA
What are four goals of the HGP?
•3. To store this
information in
databases (sex
offenders, soldiers).
What are four goals of the HGP?
• 4. To transfer related
technologies to the
private sector (gene
therapy, drugs, vaccines).