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Ch. 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene 10.6 – 10.8 The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to Protein The 2 steps for protein synthesis • Follow the Flow of Instructions: DNA in the nucleus Transcription to RNA leaves the nucleus Translation to Protein synthesis in the cytoplasm • Transcription is: • The transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule • Translation is: • The transformation of the information in the RNA into a protein. • 1799 in Rosetta, Egypt, the Rosetta Stone was found, deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics to Egyptian script to Greek. • How is this like our study of genetics? • DNA transcribed to RNA translated to a polypeptide. SO, how does this occur? • Transcription and translation are linguistic terms, so….. • nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and polypeptides (chain of amino acids linked by peptide bond) Have their own language! What is their language? • A, T, G, C in DNA and A, U, G, C in RNA • One gene can contain hundreds or thousands of nucleotides, and one molecule of DNA may contain thousands of gene. • Nucleotide bases on the RNA are complementary to those on the DNA strand. How? • DNA was a template. • What is the strand in the middle? • RNA • Is this transcription or translation? • Transcription • The purple polypeptide chain is the result of translation. How? • The language of the sequence of nucleotides in RNA (Codons) dictate the sequence of amino acids of the polypeptide. • Triplets of bases are the “smallest” words that specify amino acids. They’re called… • Codons • 3 base codons in DNA are transcribed into complementary RNA codon, then translated into amino acids that form a polypeptide chain. • Codons such as AUG not only signal start of a chain but, code an amino acid. • Do all have double duty? • UAG, UGA, UAA do not code an amino acid, but they do signal stop. • There are 4 bases and 3 nucleotides per codon, so • Calculate the total number of codons. • 64 or 43 • Compare this to the total number of amino acids • 20