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Happy Tuesday! – 2/9 In this model, weak hydrogen bonds connect which of the following? A G to C B x to y C y to G D G to T DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Gene Expression Video clip - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS2ls Two Types of Nucleic Acids 1. DNA 2. RNA a. mRNA (messenger) b. tRNA (transfer) Where are proteins made? Ribosomes Compare DNA & RNA DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is double stranded. Contains sugar deoxyribose. DNA contains bases adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine. DNA never leaves the nucleus. RNA: ribonucleic acid RNA is single stranded. Contains sugar ribose. RNA contains bases adenine, URACIL, guanine, cytosine. RNA can leave the nucleus. Overall process of Protein Synthesis transcription DNA translation mRNA Protein DNA’s tragedy DNA DNA contains volumes of information about making protein. Unfortunately, DNA is too huge to leave the ribosomes nucleus. nucleus How does the cell solve this problem….transcription That’s where mRNA comes in. DNA mRNA helps get DNA’s message out to the ribosomes... mRNA First, DNA unzips itself... DNA unzips itself, exposing free nitrogen bases. First, DNA unzips itself... DNA unzips itself, exposing free nitrogen bases. First, DNA unzips itself... DNA unzips itself, exposing free nitrogen bases. First, DNA unzips itself... DNA unzips itself, exposing free nitrogen bases. First, DNA unzips itself... DNA unzips itself, exposing free nitrogen bases. Transcription a. The process of going DNA to mRNA b. Occurs in the nucleus Transcription c. Steps of Transcription: 1. First DNA unzips itself along the segment of code (gene) needed for a certain protein. 2. mRNA is made by forming complementary bases on the unzipped portion of DNA. Transcription 3. DNA’s code is copied into groups of 3 bases at a time called a codon. 4. Each codon codes for 1 amino acid. 5. Once the mRNA strand is transcribed, it leaves the nucleus to find a ribosome. Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complimentary fashion Next, mRNA is made... mRNA is made from the DNA template mRNA matches with free DNA nitrogen bases in a complementary fashion Translation a. The process of going mRNA to proteins b. Occurs in the cytoplasm c. Involves tRNA d. Every tRNA has one anticodon and one amino acid. Translation e. Steps of Translation: 1. Ribosome reads mRNA and brings in matching tRNA. 2. The codon of mRNA bases pairs to anti-codon of tRNA. 3. tRNA drops off amino acid to ribosome and then float away. 4. Ribosome pieces together amino acids to build proteins. Regulation of Transcription and Translation Think about your house, do you keep all the lights on ALL the time in every room?? Gene expression is a regulated process where genes can be turned on and off as needed due to environmental factors. In summary… DNA contains the information needed to make proteins. However, DNA is too large to leave the nucleus. RNA carries instructions to ribosomes so they can make proteins. Gene expression is a regulated process.