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Objectives ►I know what a gene is ► I can describe the process of protein synthesis ► I can describe the functions of the three types of RNA ► I can predict the protein that will be made from a strand of DNA Protein Structure GENES NUCLEUS DNA BLUEPRINTS DNA HAS TO SEND A MESSAGE HOW IS DNA GOING TO TELL THE RIBOSOMES WHAT TO MAKE? RIBOSOMES CYTOPLASM MAKES PROTEINS Protein Synthesis TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION AA “WRITE THE MESSAGE” DNA AA AA “DECODE THE MESSAGE” mRNA PROTEIN AA NUCLEUS AA DNA REPLICATION &TRANSCRIPTION TRANSCRIPTION AA AA AA CYTOPLASM TRANSLATION RIBOSOMES RNA – THE MESSAGE A U C G U DNA RNA U A T A T C C G G A T U C G A D R RNA A. Ribonucleic Acid i. Single stranded ii. Has ribose sugar iii. Has Uracil instead of Thymine B. Bonding Pattern i. A - U ii. C - G 3 types of RNA i. mRNA – messenger RNA – carries DNA “message” from the nucleus to the rest of the cell ii. tRNA – transfer RNA – brings or “transfers” amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes to assemble proteins iii.rRNA – ribosomal RNA – helps make up ribosomes Making Proteins: 2 steps 1. Transcription = re-writing the instructions from the language of DNA to the language of RNA WHY? Because DNA is too large to leave the nucleus, but mRNA can slip out through the nuclear pores 2. Translation = de-coding the message (mRNA CODES for Amino Acids) Transcription – making of mRNA A. Copy part of DNA into complementary RNA strand “Writing of RNA using DNA” B. RNA polymerase – enzyme that binds to DNA to use as template and assemble RNA nucleotides i. Binds to region of DNA called the ‘promoter’ which tells the enzyme where to start ii. RNA polymerase releases DNA strand when RNA strand is complete C. mRNA will then travel into cytoplasm DNA is TRANSCRIBED into mRNA D A U R D G C R C G R A U R T A R D D D Transcribe this DNA sequence ►CATGACTAG ►GUACUGAUC Protein Synthesis TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION AA “WRITE THE MESSAGE” DNA AA AA “DECODE THE MESSAGE” mRNA PROTEIN AA NUCLEUS AA DNA REPLICATION &TRANSCRIPTION TRANSCRIPTION AA AA AA CYTOPLASM TRANSLATION RIBOSOMES TRANSLATION The process of translating or decoding the DNA message (mRNA) into amino acid chains (proteins) tRNA A. B. i. tRNA have 3 bases on them called an anticodon which pairs with the codon of the mRNA ii. Each tRNA adds one amino acid that it has brought from the cytoplasm making the protein chain longer tRNA – cloverleaf shape UGC ANTICODON RIBOSOMES AA tRNA mRNA U A C AA G U A AA A U G AA A C U AUGCAUUACUGA CODON Steps of Protein Synthesis 1. 2. 3. 4. mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosomes tRNA with the anticodon UAC attaches to the mRNA start codon AUG to begin protein chain with amino acid methionine Additional tRNA’s add other amino acids to the protein chain connecting them with peptide bonds Protein synthesis continues until it reaches a stop codon (UGA, UAA, UAG) Genetic Code A. B. C. D. Proteins are built from different combinations of 20 amino acids AA sequence is determined by sequence of bases in mRNA Each 3 base codon “codes” for a different amino acid 64 possible codons A. 61 code for 20 amino acids B. 3 are “Stop” codons How do we know what Amino Acid to add? USE THE mRNA CODE TO TRANSLATE INTO AMINO ACID’S mRNA – 1) AUG 2) CAU 3) UAC 4) UGA RIBOSOMES MET MET tRNA mRNA U A C MET HIS G U A HIS TYR A U G A C U AUGCAUUACUGA CODON PRACTICE ► DNA :TACGACGTAAAAACT ► mRNA: ? ► tRNA: ? ► Amino Acid Sequence: ? PRACTICE ► DNA : TAC-GAC-GTA-AAA-ACT ► mRNA: A U G - C U G - C A U - U U U - U G A ► tRNA: UAC-GAC-GUA-AAA-ACU ► AA Seq: MET - LEU - HIS - PHE DNA Replication A T A T C G A T C G DNA TRANSCRIPTION D A U R D G C R C G R A U R T A R D D D DNA mRNA NUCLEUS DNA REPLICATION &TRANSCRIPTION TRANSCRIPTION AA AA AA AA RIBOSOMES CYTOPLASM TRANSLATION PRACTICE ► DNA : TAT – CGC – AGC ► mRNA: AUA – GCG - UCG ► Amino Acid Sequence: Ile Ala - Ser