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Mutations Part One Definition • Mutations are changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA) Mutation • Mutations that affect a specific nucleotide are known as point mutations • Mutations can also affect a large section of DNA/chromosome Mutation is the only source for new DNA What causes mutations? • Environmental factors • DNA Replication – DNA Polymerase Point Mutations • Mutations that change one nucleotide in a gene Point Mutations Substitution Frameshift No Effect Insertion Effect Deletion Substitution: No effect • One nucleotide is replaced by another but it still codes for the same amino acid Substitution: Effect • One nucleotide is replaced by another and changes which amino acid it codes for Frameshift: Insertion • Adds an extra nucleotide • alters the codon sequence by shifting the “frame” to the right Frameshift: Insertion THE CAT ATE THE RAT THC ECA TAT ETH ERA T Frameshift: Deletion • Takes away (deletes) a nucleotide • alters the codon sequence by shifting the “frame” to the left Frameshift: Deletion THE CAT ATE THE RAT THC ATA TET HER AT Mutation Effects • Mutations can be harmful, neutral, or helpful Sickle Cell Anemia •The difference between a normal blood cell and a sickle cell (one nucleotide) Sickle Cell Anemia • Mutated blood cell cannot carry oxygen like the normal blood cell