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Cell Structures, Functions and
Transport
Discovery of the cell
A. Early Scientists
1665- Robert Hooke
Discovered cell and
named it
1.
a.
b.
Looking at thin slice
of cork
Coined the term
“cells”
A. Early Scientists
1673- Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
2.
a.
First to see living
cells in microscope
Pond protist- Vorticella
Green algae- Spyrogyra
A. Early Scientists
1838-1855 Matthias Schleiden,
Teodor Schwann, Rudolf Virchow
3.
a.
Developed and defined Cell theory
B. Cell Theory
1.
2.
3.
All living things are composed of one
or more cells
Cells are the basic unit
Cells can only come from other cells
C. Cell Diversity
Size (Fig 4-1
pg 70)
1.
a.
b.
Limited by
surface to
volume ratio
Volume
increases
more rapidly
than surface
and the cell
is unable to
function
C. Cell Diversity
Shape (figure 4.2 pg 71)
2.
a.
b.
Determined by function
Example: Nerve, skin, WBC
C. Cell Diversity
Internal Organization
3.
a.
Organelles are “tiny organs” that perform a
specific function for the cell
C. Cell Diversity
a.
b.
Eukaryotes contain membrane bound nucleus
Prokaryotes do not contain membrane bound
nucleus (bacteria)
Parts and functions of the
Eukaryotic cell
1.
See pg 74 in your book
Overview of the whole cell
A. Cell Membrane
Selectively Permeable = controls
passage of substances in/out of the
cell
1.
a.
Composed mainly of lipids and proteins
b.
Membrane lipids are phospholipids in two
layers (grey “popsicles” in picture)
1.
2.
Hydrophilic head towards the outside
Hydrophobic tail turned to the inside
c.
Steroids fit between the tails of the
phospholipid layer (cholesterolyellow molecules in picture)
Membrane proteins (large purple molecules in
picture)
d.
Peripheral Proteins
1.
a.
b.
Attach to exterior/interior surface of the cell membrane
Hold the desired molecules in place
Integral Protein
2.
a.
b.
Transports the desired molecule through a channel
Transports to the external or internal part of the cell
e. Fluid Mosaic Model-
Dynamic
model and not static- protein channels will
move as needed
Figure 3.3
B. Organelles (use table 4.2
pg 75 and figure 4.7 pg 76)
1.
Cytoplasm holds organelles in place
and cytosol bathes the organelles
with salts, mineral and organic
molecules
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
2.
Mitochondria- Nickname: “The
Powerhouse”
a.
Function: Energy formation
1.
Breaks down food to make ATP
a.
b.
c.
ATP: is the major fuel for all cell activities that
require energy
Cristae: Inner membrane, increases
surface for ATP production
Mitochondrial DNA Inheriance from
the mother, not father
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cell
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Go to
Section:
Ribosomes
Cell Membrane
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
3.
Ribosomes
a.
b.
c.
d.
Function: synthesis of proteins
Composed of Protein and RNA (rRNA)
Some attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Found in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)-Nickname: “Roads”
4.
a.
Function: The internal delivery system of the
cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
b.
1.
2 Types:
Rough ER:
a.
b.
Rough appearance because it has ribosomes
Function: helps make proteins, that’s why it has ribosomes
Smooth ER:
2.
a.
b.
NO ribosomes
Function: makes fats or lipids
Figure 3.19
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cell
Section 7-2
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Complex
Go to
Section:
Ribosomes
Cell Membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
5.
Golgi Complex--Nickname: The
packaging plant and shippers
a.
b.
Function: packages, modifies, and
transports materials to different location
inside/outside of the cell (secretions)
Modifies the protein for its final
destination
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
6.
Lysosomes: circular, but bigger than
ribosomes)--Nickname: “Clean-up
Crews”
a.
Function:
1.
2.
3.
contains hydrolytic or digestive enzymes
breaks down food into particles the rest of
the cell can use
destroys old cells
Cytoskeleton
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Cytoskeleton
7.
Function:
a.
1.
2.
Movement of organelles
Support of cell
Composed of
b.
1.
2.
Microfilaments (actin and myosin –
muscles!)
Microtubules (Cell Division)
and cilia
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
Cilia and Flagella
8.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Function: Assist in
Movement
Cilia moves material
and the cell
Flagella moves the cell
Composed of
microtubules
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and
Function
9.
Nucleus--Nickname: “The Control
Center”
a.
Functions:
1.
2.
b.
Stores the DNA as the chromatin
“Directions” for making proteins
Nucleolus: dark spot in the middle of the
nucleus that helps make ribosomes
C. Plant Cells (figure 4.15)
1.
Have all structures of Eukaryotic cells (1-9)
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleolus
Golgi Bodies
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Rough ER
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleolus
Golgi Bodies
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Rough ER
C. Plant Cells (figure 4.15)
2.
Cell Wall- Primary and Secondary
layer
a.
b.
Function: provides support and
protection to the cell membrane
Contains cellulose – a complex
carbohydrate
Plant Cells (figure 4.15)
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleolus
Golgi Bodies
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Rough ER
C. Plant Cells (figure 4.15)
3.
Vacuoles
a.
Function: stores water
1.
This is what makes lettuce crisp
a.
2.
b.
When there is no water, the plant wilts
Store enzymes and metabolic wastes
Vacules may be 90% of the cell size
C. Plant Cells (figure 4.15)
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleolus
Golgi Bodies
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Rough ER
C. Plant Cells (figure 4.15)
Plastids
4.
Function:
a.
Store starch or fats
Contain pigments-
1.
2.
a.
b.
c.
Chloroplasts – absorb visible
light (Green Chlorophyll)
Leucoplasts - store starches
(White)
Chromoplasts – stores
pigments (red, violet, yellow)
C. Plant Cells (figure 4.15)
1.
Chloroplasts
a.
b.
2.
Function: traps energy from the sun to produce food
(chemical energy) for the plant cell (photosynthesis)
Green in color because of chlorophyll, which is a green
pigment
Thylakoids – place in the chloroplast where
photosyntheis takes place
IV Multicellular Organization
Cells
Macromolecules
Tissues
Organism
Organs
Organ system
A. Tissues, Organs and Organ
systems
1.
Tissues- group of cells
that carry out a specific
function (Epithelial,
Connective, Muscle)
Tissues, Organs and Organ
systems
1.
Organs – composed of several types of tissue
which interact to perform a special function
(Stomach- muscle epithelial, connective, nervous)
Tissues, Organs and Organ
systems
1.
Organ System –
group of organs
that work
together to
perform a set of
related functions
(Digestive
System)
B. Evolution of Mutlicellular
Organization
Colonial Organization
1.
Collection of genetically
identical cells that live
together in a close group
a.
1.
b.
Example: Volvox depends on
position in the colony to
perform various functions
Exhibit cell specialization
much like modern
multicellular organisms
B. Evolution of Mutlicellular
Organization
1.
2.
Interdependence
occurred with cells
specializing in functions
Endosymbiosis Theory
that interdependence
occurred between
unicellular organisms
(prokaryotes) and over
time symbiotic
dependence occurred
unable to return to
former independence
Plant Cells
Plant Cell Organelle Quiz
12
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
9
8
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
4
Chloroplasts
10
Cell Membrane
1
Cell Wall
11
Golgi Bodies
6
Mitochondria
5
Nucleolus
3
Nucleus
2
Rough ER
7
Photosynthesis- The process of
taking sunlight and converting it into
usable energy
1.
a.
b.
c.
All energy comes from the sun
ultimately
Autotrophs (able to produce they’re own
food)
Heterotrophs (consume autotrophs for
energy)
Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
Plant
Animal