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Transcript
Basic Cell Structure Cells • Basic building blocks of life • Understanding of cell morphology is critical to the study of biotechnology Cell • Smallest living unit of an organism • Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment Cell • Many cannot be seen with the naked eye • A cell may be an entire organism or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism Cells • Divided and classified in many ways • One common classification method is the presence or absence of a cell necleus Nucleus • Relatively large structure with a cell • Directs cell activities • Some simple single celled organisms lack a nucleus Nucleus • Prokaryotes – have no nucleus • Eukaryotes – have a nucleus Prokaryotes • • • • Single celled organism Kingdom Monera Lacks a cell nucleus Internal structure is less organized than other cells Prokaryotes • Genetic info needed is within the cell • Two most common – blue green bacteria and true bacteria Blue green bacteria • Have ability to produce their own food like plants • Most bacteria get their food from other sources Prokaryotes • Less complex than eukaryotes • Still have many of the basic internal characteristics • • • • • Common prokaryote structures Cytoplasm Chromosomal material Cell membrane and wall Ribosomes Some have flagellum for mobility Eukaryotes • Organism made up of cells that have a nucleus • May be single celled – Kingdom Protista • May have billions of cells like plant and animal kingdoms Eukaryotes • Single celled eukaryotes include paramecia, euglena, and diatoms Eukaryotes • Typically are highly organized • Infinite number of shapes and purposes Eukaryotes • Human body has at least 85 different cell types • All eukaryotes have a number of structures in common Common structures • Organelles – smaller parts of the cell with specific funtions • Cell membrane – acts as a gatekeeper Cell membrane • Controls what enters and leaves the cell • Plants, algae and bacteria typically have a tough outer structure known as a cell wall Cell wall • Provides additional structure and protects the cell from pressure caused by movement of water • Animal cells do not have walls Cytoplasm • Organelles are surrounded by a jelly like substance • Primary component is water Nucleus • Largest and most identifiable part of the cell • • • • Other organelles Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi bodies Endoplasmic reticulum Other organelles • Lysosomes • Vacuoles • Chloroplasts in plants Nucleus • Brain of the cell • Site of much of the manipulation done in biotechnology Nucleus • Controls activity of the cell • Round or oval structure • Typically found in the middle of the cell • Appears darker than surrounding material Nucleus • Surrounded by a membrane that controls passage of materials in and out of the area Nucleus • Contains DNA • DNA is located on chromosomes • Most organisms are diploid – have two chromosomes for each trait Diploid • Humans – 23 pair • Goldfish – 90 chrms, 45 pair Cytoplasmic Organelles • Organelles are required for proper cell function • Ribosome – make proteins for cellular use and communication • May be attached to endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum • Layered membraneous • Make and transport proteins Vacuole • Large organelle, without specific shape • Store waste or raw materials used in synthesis of proteins Golgi Bodies • Golgi apparatus • Similar to endo. Ret. • Look like a thick elastic band that has been folded several times Golgi Bodies • Adds modifications to unfinished proteins • Makes lysosomes Lysosome • Small round • Store enzymes that break down food into chemical compounds • Destroy cell organelles and the cell itself Mitochondria • Energy factories • Rod shaped • Change food into molecules that can be used for energy Mitochondria • Contain DNA • Can replicate themselves Chlorplast • Found in plants and some other organisms • Contain chlorophyll • • • • Cellular processes Respiration Osmosis Diffusion Photosynthesis Respiration • Cells break down carbohydrates and other molecules to produce energy • Oxidation of glucose is one of most common forms Respiration • Breaking down of sugar into water, carbon dioxide, and energy • Energy is used to do the work of the cell Osmosis & Diffusion • Transport of raw materials, wastes, and synthesized materials out of the cell Diffusion • Movement of molecules, especially gases and liquids from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration Osmosis • Specific type of diffusion • Movement of water through a membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration Equilibrium • Diffusion and osmosis happen to enable a cell to reach equilibrium Cellular reproduction • Three ways • Fission • Mitosis • Meiosis Fission • Prokaryotes • Cell grows larger and makes a second copy of its DNA • At some point the cell membrane divides the cell by the growth of a transverse septum Fission • Two new cells are formed as the division grows inward from either side of the cell • Two cells now called “daughter cells” • Sometimes known as “binary fission” Mitosis • Eukaryotes • Requires 6 stages • Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis Mitosis • Creates cells that are identical to the original cell. • Have the entire compliment of chromosomes existing in pairs diploid Meiosis • Division of sex cells • Stages of Meiosis I: Interphase I, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis I Meiosis • Meiosis II • Interphase II, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis II Meiosis • Each cell receives one chromosome from each pair randomly • Resulting cells have half the normal number of Chromosomes - haploid