Download DO NOW - Sewanhaka Central High School District

• AIM: How did Scientists discover cells?
• DO NOW: List at least 3 cells in your body and
explain their function.
• HW: textbook page 153 reading check
question
The Cell
• Basic unit of life
• Building block of all
living things
• Carries out all chemical
processes of life
(metabolism)
Single celled organisms
Multicellular organisms
How were cells discovered?
Scientists researched by developing
and using microscopes
Wednesday 11/7/12
• AIM: How did Scientists discover cells?
• DO NOW: Explain why a cell is the basic unit of life
• HW: Text Read page 146 B and 151-152. Reading
Check page 151
• Quarterly Exam Next Thursday 11/15/12
• First day of school-the cell
Who discovered the first microscope
1590 Hans and Zacharias Janssen
It is not quite certain who
invented the microscope
Robert Hooke discovered cell
1605-1703
1605 Robert Hooke
• Looked at cork plant
• Noticed it was
separated into tiny
compartments which
resembled jail cell
One of the first users discovered protozoa
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
Ground up glass
1676 Anton von Leewenhoek
• Discovered living things
in pond water
• Small single celled
organisms
1839 Theodor Schwann
• Looked at animal tissue
and saw that animals
also were made up of
cells
Theodor Schwann
• Discovered cells which
surround and support
nerve cells in a human
being
• Called them Schwann
cells
1881 Matthias Schleiden
• Looked at the details of
animal cells
• Animal cells are made
up of tiny units called
organelles
Francisco Redi
• Living things come from
other living things
• Maggots come from
flies which lay eggs on
decaying meat
1855 Rudolf Virchow
• Cells come from
preexisting cells
Development of the cell theory
• With all of the research and discoveries made
through the years, scientists developed an
explanation or theory about living things
• This was called the cell theory
The Cell Theory: an explanation of
living things
• All living organisms are composed of one or
more cells
• The cell is the basic unit of structure and
organization of all living organisms
• Cells come from preexisting cells
Assessment
• In your own words explain how the cell
theory was developed
Tuesday 11/13/12
• AIM: How are eukaryotes different from
prokaryotes?
• DO NOW: do you have any characteristics in
common with a plant cell? Mold? Ameba? If
so what are they?
• Homework: Text page 150 Using words
questions 1 and 2
Tuesday 11/13/12
• AIM: How were cells discovered?
• DO NOW: The Cell Theory Handout
• Homework: Text Read pages 146B and 151152.
• Q1:Reading Check on page 152.
• Q2:Who is Lynn Margulus?
• Q3:What is the Endosymbiont theory?
Compound Light Microscope
Compound light microscope
• Uses a beam of light to
magnify an image
• Uses 2 magnifying lenses
– Objective lense
– Ocular lense
• Total magnification=
magnification of the objective
lens x magnification of
theocular lens
• Magnifies 40-400 times
• Allows us to view large parts
or organelles of the cell
Wednesday 11/14/12
• AIM: How are eukarytoes different from
prokaryotes?
• DO NOW: Explain how the compound light
microscope helps us investigate the cell.
• HOMEWORK: Text page 150 questions 1 and 2
Electron Microscopes
• Most modern microscopes
• Use a beam of electrons to make the
object extremely bright
• Magnifies 1,000,000 x
• Can not see living material
• Used to see extremely small details and
parts of a cell
–
–
Types of Electron Microscopes
Transmission
Scanning
Electron Microscopes
• Transmission electron
Microscope
– Can only created a 2D
image or flat image
• Scanning Electron
electron Microscope
– Scans the surface of a
cell
– Creates a 3D image
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
• Scans the surface of a specimen with a beam
of electrons
• Creates a 3d image
• Magnify up to 200,000 times
Transmission Electron Microscope
(TEM)
• Beam of electrons transmits through the
entire specimen
• If electrons can pass through the specimen it
creates a light and dark image
• Thicker parts of the specimen are darker than
thinner parts
• Total magnification of 200,000 x
• Explain the difference between the light and
electron microscopes
Wednesday 11/14/12
• AIM: How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes
differ?
• DO NOW: do you have any characteristics in
common with a plant cell? Mold? Ameba? If
so what are they?
• Homework:. Text page 150 Using words
questions 1 and 2
The cell:
• the basic unit of life
Lynn Margulus
• Endosymbiont theory: eukaryotes develop
from a symbiotic relationship between
prokaryotes
• Evidence: chloroplast and mitochondria
•
2 basic types of cells
• Prokaryote
– No nucleus
• There are no separations between each of its parts
– Ex:Bacteria
» Archaebacteria
• Eukaryote
– True nucleus: DNA is surrounded by a membrane
• Ex:
– Plant, Animal, Fungus, Monera
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archae
Prokaryote (Greek - Before Nucleus)
Prokaryotes were first group of organic
organisms to evolve 3.8 BYA
Prokaryote cells lack membrane organelles
Reproduce asexually by division
Prokaryotes: Bacteria
 Blue-Green Algae
(Cyanobacteria)
Archaebacteria: Live in extreme
environments
• "methane-makers"
– live in swamps, mud,
sewage, and animal guts
• "salt-lovers"
– salt lakes, volcanic vents
on the seafloor
• "heat-lovers"
– hot springs and other very
hot places such as the
thermal vents of the sea
floor where temperatures
exceed 110o
Eukaryotic cells
There are 2 types we will discuss, plants and
animal cells
Plant, Animal, Protists, Fungi
All contain membrane bound organelles
Organelle: tiny organ
All eukaryotic cells are surrounded by an extra
cellular matrix
Eukaryote: Animal Cell
Eukaryote: Plant Cell
The cell: the basic unit of life
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
How are prokaryotes and
eukaryotes different?
Organization of the nucleus
Cell size
Membrane bound organelles
Cell types
• Prokaryote
– Kingdom Monera
• Bacteria
• Archaebacteria
• Eukaryote
–
–
–
–
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plant
Kingdom Animal
What do all eukaryotic cells have
in common?
Membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
• Multi or Single celled
organisms
– Protista
• Parmecium
• Ameba
– Fungi
• Yeast
• Mushrooms
– Animal
– Plant
Assessment
• Create a table showing the differences
between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Differences between prokaryote and
eukaryotes
• Prokaryote
 Smaller
 Simpler cells
 No Nucleus
 No membrane bound
organelles
•
•
•
•
•
Eukaryote
Large
Complex
True nucleus
All membrane bound
organelles
Friday 11/16/12
• AIM: How can we compare plant and animal
cells?
• DO NOW: What is an organelle?
• How are multicellular organisms (like the
human) organized
• Explain the difference between a prokaryote
and eukaryote cell
• HW: Text read pages 155 questions 2 and 4
Levels of organization of Animals
•
•
•
•
•
Cell: basic unit of life
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Animal vs Plant cell
Monday 11/19/12
• AIM: how do the organelles in a eukaryote cell
help to make the cell one functioning unit?
• DO NOW: Where is the DNA found in a
prokaryote? In a eukaryote?
• How did the very first eukaryote develop?
• HOMEWORK: Due Wednesday go to the
website cellsalive.com
• List and give the function of each organelle
you view
Tuesday 11/20/12
• AIM: ho do plant and animal cells differ?
• DO NOW: Handout Label the parts of the
plant and animal cell Label organelles 12-21
• 2- Label the parts of the animal and plant cells
• HOMEWORK: Cellsalive.com
Homework Due Monday 11/26/12
• Log on to cellsalive.com
• In the left hand tool bar under Interactive
choose cell models
• Read the introduction and choose take me to
the animation
• View both the plant and animal cells
• Create a table listing the structure and
function of each organelle
The eukaryote organelles
• Organelle Name
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nucleus
nucleolus
cytosol
Centrosome
Centriole
Golgi
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Secretory vesicle
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Cell wall
chloroplast
Structure
Function
The eukaryote organelles
• Organelle Name
•
•
•
•
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Structure
Function
• Cells Cells - Parts of the Cell Rap - YouTube
The nucleus
 Largest organelles
 The brain of the cell
 Control center of the
cell
 House genetic
information
 Nucleolus: RNA
synthesis
 Nuclear envelope
 Nuclear pores
The nucleus
• Chromosomes are made up of DNA
• DNA carries genes
• Genes code for physical traits
Cell membrane
 Plasma membrane
 Phospholipid bilayer
 Surrounds the entire cell
creating a barrier
 Controls movement of
molecules into and out of
the cell
 protection
 Embedded with proteins
and cholesterol molecule
 Creates a barrier
Fluid Mosaic
Cytoplasm
Jelly like material found throughout the cell
Holds all organelles
Many chemical processes take place in the
cytoplasm
Made mostly of water Houses many molecules
,ions etc.
Ribosomes
 Small organelles
 Make proteins from
amino acids
 Free or bound to ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Rough endoplasmic
Reticulum: embedded
with ribosomes: protein
synthesis
 Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum: production
of lipids
Golgi apparatus
 Modifies, Packages
and transports
proteins to parts of
the cell by vesicle
formation
 Exports carbohydrates
and lipids out of the
cell
Vesicle
 Enclose substances
that are being
transported around
the cell
 Bud off of golgi
apparatus
 Travel through the cell
Lysosomes
 Animal cells only
 Enzyme filled sacs
 Usually used for food
digestion and waste
removal
 Break down and digest
broken organelles
Mitochondria
 Large organelles
 Contain their own DNA
 Power house of the cell
 Perform Cellular
Respiration
 Double membrane
structure
 The more energy a cell
needs, the more
mitochondria it has
The cytoskeleton
 Network of protein
fibers
 Provide structure,
support, transport
Centrosome or centrioles
 Animal cell only
 Found outside the
nucleus until cell
division
 Help in cell division
 Move to opposite ends
or poles during cell
division
Practice Questions
• Which organelle contains
the enzymes necessary to
synthesize ATP?
• Which organelle receives,
modifies and packages
important cellular
molecules?
Plants ONLY: chloroplast
 Double membrane
 Contains chlorophyll:
green pigment that
absorbs light
 Photosynthesis
 Also have their own
DNA
Central Vacuole
 Small vacuoles are in both
Plant and Animal cells
 Plants have a Very LARGE
central vacuole that
stores cell sap
 Cell sap contains: water,
nutrients, ions
Cell Wall Plant cells only
 Surrounds the plasma
membrane
 Made of Cellulose
polysaccharides
 Very strong provides
structure and
protection
 Can be seen with a
compound light
microscope
Cilia and flagella
 For single cells, enable
entire cell to swim
 For cells in a tissue,
move liquid over the
surface of the cell
 Cilia Line membranes
exposed to the
environment
The endomembrane system
• Genes: hold the code to
build a protein
– Located in the nucleus
• Proteins are made in the
ribosome
• Nuclear membrane is
connected to the
membrane of the ER which
communicates directly with
the golgi bodies
• AIM:Why are chloroplasts and mitochondria
unique organelles?
• DO NOW: Review your notes from last week.
Explain the Endosymbiont Theory
• HW: Textbook Read 201
• -203. Reading Check pg
• 203. Question 2 pg 207
•
Chloroplast and Mitochondria
•
Evidence to Endosymbiont Theory
• Larger organism providing the smaller with
nutrients
• The smaller organism providing food and
energy
• DNA in chloroplast and mitochondria is
circular similar to prokaryote
• Chloroplast and mitochondria divide by binary
fission
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
• cellular organelles that may really be
separate organisms
• contain their own DNA
• reproduce independently within
cells
•
•
In your own words explain how
the chloroplast and mitochondria
give evidence to the
endosymbiont theory