Download Cell Structure and Function - Avon Community School Corporation

Cells: History,
Structure, and
Function
Robert Hooke
 First to describe cells
 Used a compound
microscope
 _______________
 Actually looking at
___________ cells
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
 Made many microscopes (single lens)

 Describes several types of cells
 First to study living, moving organisms
with microscope
Cell Theory
 All living things are composed of ______
 Cells are the basic units of structure and
function of living things
 New cells are produced from
___________________
Compound Microscope
Staph Bacteria Under
Compound Microscope
Electron Microscopes
 Transmission (TEM)
 Specimens cut into very thin slices
 Beam of electron pass through
 Scanning (SEM)
 Samples are dehydrated, put in a vacuum,
and sometimes coated in materials like gold
 Electrons are bounced off the surface
 Producing 3-D image of surfaces
Electron Microscope
 Staph Bacteria under
Electron Microscope
Classifying Cells
 Prokaryote




Lack organized structures
Circular loop of nucleic acid
No ______________
Ex: bacteria and blue-green algae
 Eukaryote
 Organized structures called _____________
 DNA in ____________
 Ex: animal, plant, fungi, and protists
Eukaryotic Cells
 Three Regions
 _________________
 __________
 ___________
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
 Function
 Regulate what comes in and out of cell
 Communication
 Protection and Support
 ________________
 Double layer of lipid molecules
 Fluid Mosaic
 Lipid molecules with other pieces (protein
and carbohydrates) embedded
 Membrane in constant movement
Phospholipid
•_________ Head
•Hydrophilic
•Attracted to water
•__________ Tail
•Hydrophobic
•Does not want to be
near water
Membrane Proteins
 Allow larger molecules to pass through
membrane
 Can regulate what comes in or out
Other Molecules
 Cholesterol
 Stabilize the membrane
 Keep non-polar tails from sticking to each
other
 Carbohydrate Chains
 _____________________
Cell Wall
 _____________
 Rigid outer layer
covering cell
membrane
 Allow plants to
support heavy
structures like
flowers
 Contains ________
and various proteins
Movements Across
Membranes
 __________ Transport
 Diffusion (Simple and Facilitated)
 ______________
 ___________ Transport
 Protein Pump
 Endocytosis and Exocytosis
 Movement is controlled by ___________
Concentration
 Amount of _________ (dissolved
substance) in a volume of solution
 Expressed as ________________
 Amount of mass is proportional to the
concentration
 Volume is inversely proportional to the
concentration
Passive Transport
 Movement from area of ________
concentration to an area of ______
concentration (down concentration
gradient)
 Requires ______ energy
 Ex: Diffusion (Simple and Facilitated) and
Osmosis
Diffusion
•Movement of
_____ from high to
low concentrations
•Requires no
energy
•Continues unit
equilibrium is
reached
Facilitated Diffusion
 Solute cannot simply cross cell
membrane because it is semi-permeable
 Solute movement is aided by
______________________
 Allows diffusion of molecules that are too
large to diffuse through membrane using
simple diffusion
Osmosis
 Movement of ________ from an area of
high to low concentration
 Requires no energy
 Solutions surrounding cells can be
 ______tonic – solution has a high [solute]
compared to the inside of the cell
 _____tonic- solution has the same [solute]
as the inside of the cell
 _____tonic- solution has a low [solute]
compared to the inside of the cell
Active Transport
 Movement solute from an area of _____
concentration to an area of _______
concentration (across or up the
concentration gradient)
 Requires energy (using ________)
 Ex: Protein Pumps, Endocytosis, and
Exocytosis
Protein Pumps
 Membrane Protein
pumps solute across
cell membrane
 Solute moving from
low to high
concentration
 Requires ATP
energy
Endocytosis and
Exocytosis
 Movement of large materials across cell membrane
 Endocytosis
 Movement ________ cell
 Pocket of membrane pinches off to form vesicle
(membrane circle surrounding material)
 Two types
 Phagocytosis- ______________________
 Pinocytosis- _____________________
 Exocytosis
 Movement ________ of cell
Phagocytosis and
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
Cytoplasm
 Everything inside to cell membrane
except for the _____________
 Includes the fluid cytosol
Where do organelles come
from?
 Thought to originally be prokaryotes that
formed a symbiotic relationship with
another cell
 Evidence
 Many organelles are surrounded by two
membranes
 Some organelles contain their own ______
Nucleus
 _____________
of Cell
 Double membrane w/
many __________
 Contains DNA
 Chromatin
 Chromosomes
 Nucleolus
 Small dark region’
 Makes __________
Ribosome
 Makes __________
 Two subunits made
of RNA and protein
 Found free floating in
cytoplasm or
attached to rough ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER)
 Series of membrane
bound canals
 Two Types
 ____________
 Studded w/ ribosomes
 Processes and
transports proteins
 _____________
 No ribosomes
 Processes and
transports lipids
Golgi Apparatus
 Stack of flattened
pancake-like
membranes
 Modifies, packages,
and ships out lipids
and proteins
Lysosome
 Vesicle filled w/
digestive enzymes
 Breaks down
_____________
 Aids in
programmed
cell death
(apoptosis)
Vacuole
 Animals
 Many small membrane
bound sacs
 Storage
compartments
 Plants
 Usually one large
central sac
 Storage sac and
helps establish
turgor pressure to
keep plant upright
Mitochodria
 Double membrane
 Inner membrane highly
folded
 _____________of
cell (makes ATP’s)
 Only inherited
from mother
 Contains _______
Chloroplast
 _______________
 Double membrane
 Converts _______
energy into
chemical energy
 Contains
chlorophyll pigment
 Captures light
energy
 Contains ________
Cytoskeleton
 Skeleton for Cell
 Helps cell maintain
shape
 Provides support and
protection
 Aids in movement
 Made of
microtubules and
microfilaments
Cilia
 Short, hair-like
microtubule extensions
 Move in ______ motion
 Move cell or move
materials on the
surface of cells
 Cells usually
have many
Flagella




Long, whip-like microtubule extention
Move in ______________ fashion
Moves cells
Cells usually only have one or a few
Centrioles
 Only in ______ cells
 Grouped
microtubules
 Aids in ___________
 Moves chromosomes
with spindle fibers
Animal vs Plant Cells
Organelle
Animal
Plant
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Cell wall
Lysosome
Ribosome
ER
Mitochondria
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Animal vs Plant Cells (cont)
Organelle
Animal
Plant
Golgi
YES
YES
DNA
YES
YES
Vacuole
YES (small, several, only YES (large, single)
in a few animal cells)
Cytoskeleton
YES
YES
Chloroplast
NO
YES
Centriole
YES
NO
Flagella
YES (some)
NO
Cilia
YES (some)
NO
Unicellualer Organisms
 Organism made of
_______ cell
 Very simple
 One cell performs all
the functions of life
 Ex: ______________
Multicellular Organisms
 Organisms made of many cells
 More complex
 Cells _______________ and perform
certain functions (cell differentiation)
 All cells work together to perform all the
functions of life
 Ex: _____________________
Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization
(cont)






__________
Molecule
Macromolecule
___________
Tissue- cells working together towards a common goal
________- tissue working together towards a common
goal
 Organ system- organ working together towards a
common goal
 __________