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Transcript
Life is Cellular SPI.1.1 Identify the cellular organelles associated with major cell processes. SPI.1.2 Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things • New cells are produced from existing cells Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic • Prokaryotic – No Nucleus – No Membrane Covered Organelles – Circular DNA • Eukaryotic –Nucleus –Membrane covered organelles –Linear DNA Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Two Types of Eukaryotic Cells • Animal –Cell membrane –Mitochondria –Small to no vacuole • Plant –Cell wall & membrane –Chloroplast & Mitochondria –Large Vacuole Eukaryotic Components • • • • • • • • • Cell Membrane (& Cell Wall) Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria (& Chloroplast) Golgi Complex Vesicle Vacuole Lysosome Cell Membrane • Made of phospholipids –Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic Cell Membrane • Functions: –Keep in cytoplasm –Allow in nutrients –Excrete waste Cell Wall • Found in plants and algae • Made of cellulose –Carb Cell Wall • Functions –Strength –Support • Prevents the tearing of the cell membrane Nucleus • Functions: –Control center –Stores genetic info –Instructs protein synthesis • Contains DNA • Contains Nucleolus –Make ribosomes Ribosomes • Makes proteins –Proteins = amino acids • Smallest organelle • No membrane –Made of RNA Cytoskeleton • Network of filaments & tubes that cross in the cytosol • Functions –Give shape (tent) –Tracks to move items Endoplasmic Reticulum • AKA – ER • Functions as the intracellular highway • Two types –Rough ER –Smooth ER Rough ER • Flattened sacs covered with ribosomes • Produces: –Phospholipids –Proteins • Most abundant: –Digestive –Antibody producing Smooth ER • No ribosomes on surface • Less than rough ER • Functions –Produces estrogen & testosterone –Detoxifies in liver & kidney Chloroplast • Plants and algae • Contains chlorophyll –Traps sunlight • Performs photosynthesis Mitochondria • Where most of the ATP is produced –Produced in the inner membrane –ATP= energy –Needs oxygen Endosymbiotic Theory • Mitochondria & chloroplast originated from a symbiotic relationship b/t prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells • Prokaryotic cells –Mitochondria = aerobic bacteria –Chloroplast = cyanobacteria Endosymbiotic Theory • Evidence –Own DNA –Double membrane –Binary Fission (independent) –Size –Own ribosomes Golgi Apparatus • Process and ships out proteins & other materials out of the cell • Close to cell membrane • Modify the ER products –Add carb labels = direction to other cells Lysosomes • Special vesicles that contain enzymes • Originate from Golgi • Functions –Break down carbs, lipids, & proteins from food –Destroy worn out organelles –Rid cell of waste Vacuoles • Store water for the cell • Large in plant cells –Supports the cell • Wilting Movement Through Membranes SPI.1.7 Predict the movement of water and other molecules across selectively permeable membranes. SPI.1.8 Compare and contrast active and passive transport Cell Membrane • Lipid Bilayer –phospholipids • Protein channels –Allows molecules to pass • Carbohydrate chains –Cell to cell recognition Selectively Permeable • Selective = picky • Permeable = allows things to pass through Selectively Permeable Solutions • • • • A homogenous mixture in a liquid form Mixture = solute + solvent Solute – dissolved particles Solvent – dissolving liquid –Usually water • Solutions are formed by diffusion Solutions Solvent Solutes Solution The Formation of a SugarWater Solution Concentrations __Mass of Solute__ Concentration of = Solution Volume of Solution Example: If you dissolve 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water, what is the concentration? 4 g/L Movement Across Membranes • Passive – NO energy required – Diffusion – Osmosis – Facilitated diffusion – Ion Channels • Active – Energy Required – Pumps – Endocytosis – Exocytosis Diffusion • Movement of particles across membranes • Move by concentration gradient • High conc. Low conc. • No energy required • Goal = Equilibrium • Rate determined by steepness of gradient Diffusion Demonstration • Dialysis tubing = selectively permeable membrane • Phenolthalien - Indicator – Base – pink • Iodine – indicator –Starch - black Osmosis • The diffusion of water across a membrane • Movement determined by solute concentrations – Hypotonic – Hypertonic – Isotonic Hypotonic Solutions • LOWER concentration of solutes Hypertonic Solutions • HIGHER concentration of solutes Isotonic Solutions • Equal concentrations of solutes Water Movement (Osmosis) –Water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic solution –Isotonic water moves both ways Effects of Osmosis Osmosis in Blood Cells Facilitated Diffusion • Movement of specific molecules across the cell membrane by protein channels • No energy required • Moved by concentration gradients • Ex: Glucose Active Transport • Movement of particles through proteins against the normal direction of diffusion • Lower conc. higher conc. Ion Pumps • Similar to channels but move AGAINST the conc. gradient • Na-/K+ pumps – 3 Na- ions (inside) bind to carrier protein – ATP opens protein by changing channel shape – Na- released to outside and 2 K+ (outside) bind – Protein resumes its original shape – releasing K+ into cell Endocytosis • Cells surround a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell Exocytosis • Vesicles formed in the ER or Golgi complex carry particles out of the cell by fusing membranes Organization of Life Chapter 7 Section 4 Unicellular Organisms • Single celled organism • Prokaryotes –Bacteria • Eukaryotes –Yeast • Colonial –Volvox Multicellular Organisms • Organisms composed of many cells • Cells work as groups for specialized functions Specialized Cells • They will have specialized functions • Examples –Bone –Blood –Skin Organization • • • • • Cell Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism Tissues • Examples Organs • Animal –Stomach • Plants –Roots Organ Systems • Failure of one part can affect the others in the system • Digestive Organism • Unicellular • Multicellular After Organisms? • Populations • Communities • Ecosystem