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Transcript
Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell 1 Number of Cells Organisms may be: • Unicellular – composed of one cell • Multicellularcomposed of many cells that may organize 2 Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Prokaryotes: include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles Eukaryotes: include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals) 3 Prokaryote vs Eukaryote • Two structural types of cells are recognized: – Prokaryotic – Archaea and bacteria – Eukaryotic: plants, algae, fungi, protists, and animals (variety) • Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells – Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. – Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus. Prokaryote • Contains plasma membrane • Simpler internal structure • Absence of nucleus • One circular chromosome, not in a membrane • No membrane enclosed organelles • Peptidoglycan cell walls • Binary fission for cell division • Smaller Eukaryote • Contains plasma membrane • Contain nucleus • Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane • Membrane enclosed organelles • Simple (polysaccharide) cell walls • Cell division by mitosis or meiosis • Larger Structure of Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotes – The first Cells • Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles • Includes bacteria • Simplest type of cell • Single, circular chromosome copyright cmassengale 7 Prokaryotes • Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA • Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan) • Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins copyright cmassengale 8 Eukaryotes • Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membranebound organelles • Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals • More complex type of cells copyright cmassengale 9 Differences b/w the 2 types of cells Eukaryotic • Larger • Contains membrane bound organelles • Contains a nucleus Prokaryotic • Smaller • Does not contain membrane bound organelles • No nucleus All cells have a: And are grouped into two broad categories: Words you can use: •Animals •bacteria •chloroplasts •Eukaryotes •a large central vacuole •plants •plasma membrane •prokaryotes Which are mainly: Which contains unique structures such as: Cell walls Some contain yeast and algae Words you can use: •Animals •bacteria •chloroplasts •Eukaryotes •a large central vacuole •plants •plasma membrane •prokaryotes All cells have a: Plasma membrane And are grouped into two broad categories: prokaryote s eukaryotic Which are mainly: bacteria plants animals Which contains unique structures such as: Cell walls chloroplasts Some contain yeast and algae A large central vacuole Viruses • Non cellular • Obligate intracellular parasites – They must live inside another cell to survive • Have only one type of nucleic acid – DNA or RNA (never both) – Single or Double stranded • Protein coat (no plasma membrane) • Few to no enzymes – Takes enzymes and use host cell metabolic machinery • No metabolic activity • They require a host cell to exhibit the characteristics of life. • Virus diversity – Different viruses have different hosts – Only some viruses cause disease Structure & Organelles VOCABULARY Organelle Plasma Membrane Cytoskeleton Nucleus Nucleolus Golgi Apparatus Endoplasmic Reticulum • Chloroplast • Mitochondria • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Lysosome Vacuole Vesicle Cell wall Ribosome Cytosol Cytoplasm Organelles • Very small (Microscopic) “little organs” that carry out specific functions within each cell • Perform various functions for a cell • Found in the cytoplasm • May or may not be membranebound 15 Eukaryotic: Animal Cell Eukaryotic: Plant Cell Prokaryotic Cell Plasma Membrane (AKA cell membrane • Function: A flexible boundary that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. • Key word: Selective permeability. • Cell Type: All cells • Analogy: __________ Cell Membrane in Plants Cell membrane • Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells • Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell shape 20 Cell Wall Cell wall • Nonliving layer • Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria • Made of cellulose in plants • Made of peptidoglycan in bacteria • Made of chitin in Fungi • Cell Type: Plants • Analogy:____________ _________________ 21 Cell Wall • Supports and protects cell • Found outside of the cell membrane 22 More on Cytoplasm cytoplasm • Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs • Collective term for cytosol plus the organelles suspended within the cytosol • Found in ALL cells • Analogy:__________ ____________ 23 Cytosol • The fluid surrounding the cytoplasm’s organelles, internal membranes, and cytoskeleton fibers • Analogy:_________ ______________ copyright cmassengale 24 Cytoskeleton • Helps cell maintain cell shape and supporting structure • Also help move organelles around • Made of proteins • Microfilaments are threadlike & made of ACTIN • Microtubules are tubelike & made of TUBULIN • Analogy:________________ ____________ 25 Cellular Support • Cytoskeleton is made of microtubules thin, hollow cylinders made of protein, & microfilamentsthin solid protein fibers Cytoskeleton MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS copyright cmassengale 28 Nucleus • Function: The nucleus contains the cells DNA, stores information used to make proteins – For cell growth, function & reproduction. • Key Word: Control Center • Cell Type: All Eukaryotic Cells • Analogy: ____________ Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli • Disappears when cell divides • Makes ribosomes that make proteins • Analogy:________ ____________ copyright cmassengale 30 Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER • Network of hollow membrane tubules • Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane • Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport Analogy?_______ _____________ _____________ Two kinds ofcopyright ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH cmassengale 31 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) • Has ribosomes on its surface • Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell copyright cmassengale 32 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface • Is attached to the ends of rough ER • Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell copyright cmassengale 33 Functions of the Smooth ER • Makes membrane lipids (steroids) • Regulates calcium (muscle cells) • Destroys toxic substances (Liver) copyright cmassengale 34 Ribosomes • “Protein factories” for cell • Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm. Produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from the nucleus. • Join amino acids to make proteins • Process called protein synthesis • Analogy:________ copyright cmassengale 35 Golgi Apparatus • Function: It’s a flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts & packages proteins into sacs. • Key Word: Packing & Sorting • Cell Type: All Eukaryotic Cells • Analogy: ____________ Golgi Bodies Look like a stack of pancakes Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell copyright cmassengale 37 Golgi copyright cmassengale 38 Vesicles -small saclike organelles that store and transport materials around the inside of cells copyright cmassengale 39 Chloroplasts • Function: Capture light energy & convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. • Key Word: Producer of energy • Cell Type: Euk. Plant cell • Analogy: ____________ Vacuoles • Fluid filled sacks for storage • Small or absent in animal cells • Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole • No vacuoles in bacterial cells • Analogy:_____ __________ copyright cmassengale 41 Vacuoles • In plants, they store Cell Sap • Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes copyright cmassengale 42 Mitochondria • Function: It converts fuel particles (mainly sugar) into usable energy. • Key Word: Powerhouse • Cell Type: All Eukaryotic Cells • Analogy: ____________ MITOCHONDRIA CONT Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface area for more chemical Reactions) Interior called MATRIX copyright cmassengale 44 Interesting Fact --• Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization Therefore … • You inherit your mitochondria from your copyright cmassengale mother! 45 Lysosomes • Function: Processes enzymes that digest excess or worn out organelles, wastes. • Key Word: Gets rid of waste • Cell Type: Euk. Animal Cells • Analogy: ____________ Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria 47 Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cells Plant cells Relatively smaller in size Relatively larger in size Irregular shape Regular shape No cell wall Cell wall present 48 Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells Animal cells Plant cells Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole Glycogen as food storage Starch as food storage Nucleus at the center Nucleus near cell wall 49 Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella copyright cmassengale 50 Cilia & Flagella • Cilia short, numerous, hair-like projections that move in a wavelike motion • Flagella larger projections that move w/ a whip-like motion Cilia & Flagella • Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells • Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells copyright cmassengale 53 Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the Lungs Respiratory System copyright cmassengale 54 Cell Size Question: Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse? copyright cmassengale 55 Cell Size Question: Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse? About the same size, but … The elephant has MANY MORE cells than a mouse! copyright cmassengale 56