Download 2/12 Daily Catalyst Pg. 82 Fermentation

2/12 Daily Catalyst Pg. 82 Fermentation
 1. Where do the hydrogens come from in the ETC?
 2. Where do the hydrogens go after they are
delivered to the ETC?
 3. Described chemiosmosis.
2/12 Class Business
 Quiz #20 mini-test TOMORROW
 All of Cellular respiration AND fermentation
 Mardi Gras review pages:
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Workbook pages: 35, 37-43, 109, and 69
Review cellular respiration
Quiz #20 corrections
Log your study hours!
2/12 Class Business
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2/12 Agenda
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Daily Catalyst
Class Business
Review
Fermentation notes
Book work
Homework: Study for quiz
and finish book work
 Chemiosmosis and the electron transport
chain
Oxidative
phosphorylation.
electron transport
and chemiosmosis
Glycolysis
ATP
Inner
Mitochondrial
membrane
ATP
ATP
H+
H+
H+
Intermembrane
space
Protein complex
of electron
carners
Q
I
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Figure 9.15
IV
III
ATP
synthase
II
FADH2
NADH+
Mitochondrial
matrix
H+
Cyt c
NAD+
FAD+
2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
ADP +
(Carrying electrons
from, food)
ATP
Pi
H+
Chemiosmosis
Electron transport chain
+
ATP
synthesis
powered by the flow
Electron transport and pumping of protons (H ),
+
+
which create an H gradient across the membrane Of H back across the membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation
 There are three main processes in this
metabolic enterprise
Electron shuttles
span membrane
CYTOSOL
MITOCHONDRION
2 NADH
or
2 FADH2
2 NADH
2 NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose
2
Pyruvate
2
Acetyl
CoA
+ 2 ATP
by substrate-level
phosphorylation
Maximum per glucose:
Figure 9.16
6 NADH
Citric
acid
cycle
+ 2 ATP
2 FADH2
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
+ about 32 or 34 ATP
by substrate-level by oxidative phosphorylation, depending
on which shuttle transports electrons
phosphorylation
from NADH in cytosol
About
36 or 38 ATP
Concept 9.5: Fermentation enables some cells to
produce ATP without the use of oxygen
 Key Point #1: Cellular respiration
 Relies on oxygen to produce ATP
 Aerobic respiration (O2)
 What if there is not ANY oxygen?
 Anaerobic respiration (no O2)
 Key Point #2: Glycolysis
 Can produce ATP with or without oxygen
 How is ATP produced?
 Substrate Phosphorylation
 Who is the oxidizing agent of glycolysis?
 NAD+
Types of Fermentation
 Key Point #3: If NAD+ is consistently resupplied, Glycolysis can
continue making the 2 ATP molecules.
 Fermentation
 Key Point #4: Alcohol fermentation
 Pyruvate is converted to ethanol
 Bacteria and fungi (yeast)
 Bread, wine, and alcohol
 releases CO2 and oxidizes NADH back to NAD+
 Key Point #5: Lactic acid fermentation:
 Pyruvate is reduced to form Lactate (lactic acid) as a waste
product
 NADHNAD+
 No CO2 is released
 Bacteria and Fungi
 Yogurt and cheese
Lactic Acid Fermentation
 During strenuous exercise, the blood cannot supply oxygen
fast enough to the muscles. The lactic acid build up is what
causes the fatigue and burning.
 When the oxygen supply has caught up, the lactic acid is
converted back to pyruvate in the liver.
 So COOL!
2 ADP + 2
P1
2 ATP
O–
C O
Glucose
Glycolysis
C O
CH3
2 Pyruvate
2 NADH
2 NAD+
H
2 CO2
H
H C OH
C O
CH3
CH3
2 Ethanol
2 Acetaldehyde
(a) Alcohol fermentation
2 ADP + 2
Glucose
P1
2 ATP
Glycolysis
O–
C O
C O
O
2 NAD+
C O
H
C OH
CH3
2 Lactate
Figure 9.17
(b) Lactic acid fermentation
2 NADH
CH3
Fermentation and Cellular
Respiration Compared
 Both fermentation and cellular respiration
 Use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to
pyruvate
 Key player is NAD+ as the oxidizing agent
 We see differences in WHO the final electron acceptor is:
 CR:
 Oxygen
 Fermentation:
 Lactic acid or ethanol
 Key Point #6: At the end of day, cellular respiration is all about
producing ATP!
 Cellular respiration
 Produces more ATP (~36 molecules)
 Fermentation:
 Only 2 molecules of ATP
 Pyruvate is a key juncture in catabolism
Glucose
CYTOSOL
Pyruvate
No O2 present
Fermentation
O2 present
Cellular respiration
MITOCHONDRION
Ethanol
or
lactate
Figure 9.18
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
The Evolutionary Significance of
Glycolysis
 Glycolysis
 Occurs in nearly all organisms
 Probably evolved in ancient prokaryotes before there was oxygen
in the atmosphere
 Concept 9.6: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to
many other metabolic pathways
The Versatility of Catabolism
 Catabolic pathways
 Funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into
cellular respiration
 The catabolism of various molecules from food
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Amino
acids
Sugars
Fats
Glycerol
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3- P
NH3
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Figure 9.19
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Fatty
acids
Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways)
 Key Point #7: The body
 Uses small molecules to build other substances
 These small molecules
 May come directly from food or through glycolysis or the citric
acid cycle
Regulation of Cellular Respiration via
Feedback Mechanisms
 Cellular respiration
 Is controlled by allosteric enzymes at key points in glycolysis and
the citric acid cycle
 The control of cellular respiration
Glucose
Glycolysis
Fructose-6-phosphate
–
Inhibits
AMP
Stimulates
+
Phosphofructokinase
–
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Inhibits
Pyruvate
Citrate
ATP
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Figure 9.20
Oxidative
phosphorylation
 9.6 Regulation of cellular respiration via feedback mechanisms
 How does CR use feedback inhibition?
 What is the enzyme that is controlled in glycolysis?
 What do we call this type of control?
 What molecule inhibits the enzyme? Stimulates?