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2/12 Daily Catalyst Pg. 82 Fermentation 1. Where do the hydrogens come from in the ETC? 2. Where do the hydrogens go after they are delivered to the ETC? 3. Described chemiosmosis. 2/12 Class Business Quiz #20 mini-test TOMORROW All of Cellular respiration AND fermentation Mardi Gras review pages: Workbook pages: 35, 37-43, 109, and 69 Review cellular respiration Quiz #20 corrections Log your study hours! 2/12 Class Business Just a reminder: NO HOODS No even tucked in. This is your last warning then they are mine No hats in the building. Even if you take it off in the class. No headphones, even hanging out of your shirt! This is your last warning then they are mine! ID’s and tucked in shirts at all times! Clear back backs and purses must be small! Tardies- NO MORE! We will move to more of drastic measure 2/12 Class Business Seniors: Scholarship opportunities available! Pell Grants Delgado will be on campus (2/25) Juniors AND Seniors ACT on March 17th You should be studying! 18+ (cords) EOC rewards for goods and excellent: CiCi’s pizza 2/12 Agenda Daily Catalyst Class Business Review Fermentation notes Book work Homework: Study for quiz and finish book work Chemiosmosis and the electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation. electron transport and chemiosmosis Glycolysis ATP Inner Mitochondrial membrane ATP ATP H+ H+ H+ Intermembrane space Protein complex of electron carners Q I Inner mitochondrial membrane Figure 9.15 IV III ATP synthase II FADH2 NADH+ Mitochondrial matrix H+ Cyt c NAD+ FAD+ 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O ADP + (Carrying electrons from, food) ATP Pi H+ Chemiosmosis Electron transport chain + ATP synthesis powered by the flow Electron transport and pumping of protons (H ), + + which create an H gradient across the membrane Of H back across the membrane Oxidative phosphorylation There are three main processes in this metabolic enterprise Electron shuttles span membrane CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH or 2 FADH2 2 NADH 2 NADH Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation Maximum per glucose: Figure 9.16 6 NADH Citric acid cycle + 2 ATP 2 FADH2 Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis + about 32 or 34 ATP by substrate-level by oxidative phosphorylation, depending on which shuttle transports electrons phosphorylation from NADH in cytosol About 36 or 38 ATP Concept 9.5: Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen Key Point #1: Cellular respiration Relies on oxygen to produce ATP Aerobic respiration (O2) What if there is not ANY oxygen? Anaerobic respiration (no O2) Key Point #2: Glycolysis Can produce ATP with or without oxygen How is ATP produced? Substrate Phosphorylation Who is the oxidizing agent of glycolysis? NAD+ Types of Fermentation Key Point #3: If NAD+ is consistently resupplied, Glycolysis can continue making the 2 ATP molecules. Fermentation Key Point #4: Alcohol fermentation Pyruvate is converted to ethanol Bacteria and fungi (yeast) Bread, wine, and alcohol releases CO2 and oxidizes NADH back to NAD+ Key Point #5: Lactic acid fermentation: Pyruvate is reduced to form Lactate (lactic acid) as a waste product NADHNAD+ No CO2 is released Bacteria and Fungi Yogurt and cheese Lactic Acid Fermentation During strenuous exercise, the blood cannot supply oxygen fast enough to the muscles. The lactic acid build up is what causes the fatigue and burning. When the oxygen supply has caught up, the lactic acid is converted back to pyruvate in the liver. So COOL! 2 ADP + 2 P1 2 ATP O– C O Glucose Glycolysis C O CH3 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH 2 NAD+ H 2 CO2 H H C OH C O CH3 CH3 2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde (a) Alcohol fermentation 2 ADP + 2 Glucose P1 2 ATP Glycolysis O– C O C O O 2 NAD+ C O H C OH CH3 2 Lactate Figure 9.17 (b) Lactic acid fermentation 2 NADH CH3 Fermentation and Cellular Respiration Compared Both fermentation and cellular respiration Use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate Key player is NAD+ as the oxidizing agent We see differences in WHO the final electron acceptor is: CR: Oxygen Fermentation: Lactic acid or ethanol Key Point #6: At the end of day, cellular respiration is all about producing ATP! Cellular respiration Produces more ATP (~36 molecules) Fermentation: Only 2 molecules of ATP Pyruvate is a key juncture in catabolism Glucose CYTOSOL Pyruvate No O2 present Fermentation O2 present Cellular respiration MITOCHONDRION Ethanol or lactate Figure 9.18 Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis Glycolysis Occurs in nearly all organisms Probably evolved in ancient prokaryotes before there was oxygen in the atmosphere Concept 9.6: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways The Versatility of Catabolism Catabolic pathways Funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration The catabolism of various molecules from food Proteins Carbohydrates Amino acids Sugars Fats Glycerol Glycolysis Glucose Glyceraldehyde-3- P NH3 Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Figure 9.19 Oxidative phosphorylation Fatty acids Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways) Key Point #7: The body Uses small molecules to build other substances These small molecules May come directly from food or through glycolysis or the citric acid cycle Regulation of Cellular Respiration via Feedback Mechanisms Cellular respiration Is controlled by allosteric enzymes at key points in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle The control of cellular respiration Glucose Glycolysis Fructose-6-phosphate – Inhibits AMP Stimulates + Phosphofructokinase – Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Inhibits Pyruvate Citrate ATP Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Figure 9.20 Oxidative phosphorylation 9.6 Regulation of cellular respiration via feedback mechanisms How does CR use feedback inhibition? What is the enzyme that is controlled in glycolysis? What do we call this type of control? What molecule inhibits the enzyme? Stimulates?