List of tables - Repositório Aberto da Universidade do Porto
... Robert Koch, postulate that bacteria are present in all cases of the disease. To prove this assumption, bacteria were extracted for the host, grown in pure culture, reintroduced in a healthy host, and finally recovered from the infected host. However, now like in the past, this postulate has some li ...
... Robert Koch, postulate that bacteria are present in all cases of the disease. To prove this assumption, bacteria were extracted for the host, grown in pure culture, reintroduced in a healthy host, and finally recovered from the infected host. However, now like in the past, this postulate has some li ...
Riboflavin (Vitamin B )
... Catabolism of ribofalvin (riboflavin hydroxylation on 7, 8-positions by Cytochrome P450 system) Intestinal bacteria produce varying amounts of riboflavin (hint: some people may utilize B2 and minimize the degree of riboflavin deficiency, even with diets low in riboflavin intake.) Riboflavin ...
... Catabolism of ribofalvin (riboflavin hydroxylation on 7, 8-positions by Cytochrome P450 system) Intestinal bacteria produce varying amounts of riboflavin (hint: some people may utilize B2 and minimize the degree of riboflavin deficiency, even with diets low in riboflavin intake.) Riboflavin ...
respiration
... - one step reaction - takes place anywhere - no enzyme involved - fast and violent reaction ...
... - one step reaction - takes place anywhere - no enzyme involved - fast and violent reaction ...
Investigating the Role of ADP-forming Acetyl-CoA
... Acetate is a common anion in biology and is a major metabolic end product in a variety of organisms. When the incoming carbon flux surpasses the capacity of central metabolic pathways, excess acetyl-CoA will undergo fermentation and recycle CoA. An additional benefit of acetate fermentation is the g ...
... Acetate is a common anion in biology and is a major metabolic end product in a variety of organisms. When the incoming carbon flux surpasses the capacity of central metabolic pathways, excess acetyl-CoA will undergo fermentation and recycle CoA. An additional benefit of acetate fermentation is the g ...
nutritional biochemistry
... The most abundant dietary forms of vitamin A are retinyl ester and β-carotene. Retinyl ester is hydrolysed by a pancreatic and an intestinal retiny ester hydrolase to retinol and fatty acid. Retinol being emulsified with bile salts and other lipids is absorbed. β-Carotene is taken up by enterocytes ...
... The most abundant dietary forms of vitamin A are retinyl ester and β-carotene. Retinyl ester is hydrolysed by a pancreatic and an intestinal retiny ester hydrolase to retinol and fatty acid. Retinol being emulsified with bile salts and other lipids is absorbed. β-Carotene is taken up by enterocytes ...
On the role and formation of covalently bound flavin cofactors Heuts
... Another novel type of covalent flavin binding has been described for the NqrB and NqrC subunits of the Na+-translocating NADH-quinone reductase (Na+NQR) from Vibrio alginolyticus. In this case, FMN is covalently linked to a threonine residue via a phosphoester bond [22]. Consequently, it represents t ...
... Another novel type of covalent flavin binding has been described for the NqrB and NqrC subunits of the Na+-translocating NADH-quinone reductase (Na+NQR) from Vibrio alginolyticus. In this case, FMN is covalently linked to a threonine residue via a phosphoester bond [22]. Consequently, it represents t ...
PRODUCTION OF PYRUVATE AND LACTATE BY
... Pyruvic acid and lactic acid are two of the most widely used organic acids in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries (Li et al. 2001, Wasewar et al. 2004, Narayanan et al. 2004). Pyruvic acid, also known as 2-oxopropanoic acid, α-ketopropionic acid or acetylformic acid, is one of the most ...
... Pyruvic acid and lactic acid are two of the most widely used organic acids in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries (Li et al. 2001, Wasewar et al. 2004, Narayanan et al. 2004). Pyruvic acid, also known as 2-oxopropanoic acid, α-ketopropionic acid or acetylformic acid, is one of the most ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... giving rise to ester or amide synthesis, has been particularly well investigated using enzymes in solvent systems of low water activity. The special methodologies involved in this latter type of reaction are described in Sect. 3.1. Other, more complex applications of hydrolases, such as those involv ...
... giving rise to ester or amide synthesis, has been particularly well investigated using enzymes in solvent systems of low water activity. The special methodologies involved in this latter type of reaction are described in Sect. 3.1. Other, more complex applications of hydrolases, such as those involv ...
Analysis and engineering of acetyl
... Finally, microbial and enzyme-based catalysis offers access to an enormoffs range of knofln and yet to be discofiered molecffles flith potential applications in the pharmacefftical, food, chemical and fffels indffstries. he cffrrent lofl price of fossil feedstocks makes it dif cfflt for biotechnological process ...
... Finally, microbial and enzyme-based catalysis offers access to an enormoffs range of knofln and yet to be discofiered molecffles flith potential applications in the pharmacefftical, food, chemical and fffels indffstries. he cffrrent lofl price of fossil feedstocks makes it dif cfflt for biotechnological process ...
Systematic metabolic analysis of recombinant Pichia pastoris UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA
... Nutrients are transported through the cell membrane using different mechanism in order to be available to be catabolised. Once there are inside, these nutrients are the precursors to generate all the energy and reducing power to synthesize all the cell components required. The metabolic pathways ens ...
... Nutrients are transported through the cell membrane using different mechanism in order to be available to be catabolised. Once there are inside, these nutrients are the precursors to generate all the energy and reducing power to synthesize all the cell components required. The metabolic pathways ens ...
Slide 1
... This tutorial is based on an evolving subset of lectures and accompanying slides presented to medical students in the Cell Biology and Biochemistry course at the School of Medicine of the University of California, San Diego. I wish to thank Dr. Bridget Quinn and Dr. Keith Cross for aid in developing ...
... This tutorial is based on an evolving subset of lectures and accompanying slides presented to medical students in the Cell Biology and Biochemistry course at the School of Medicine of the University of California, San Diego. I wish to thank Dr. Bridget Quinn and Dr. Keith Cross for aid in developing ...
Bioretrosynthetic Construction of a Non
... characterization of phosphopentomutase prior to me joining the lab which allowed me to start directly with assay development and mutagenesis. The structural and mechanistic insights gained through their work on phosphopentomutase were invaluable for my directed evolution experiments. In David’s prim ...
... characterization of phosphopentomutase prior to me joining the lab which allowed me to start directly with assay development and mutagenesis. The structural and mechanistic insights gained through their work on phosphopentomutase were invaluable for my directed evolution experiments. In David’s prim ...
please refer to anzfa`s guide to applications and proposals for a
... additives (essentially substances which are added to food and have a technological function in that food) and processing aids (essentially substances which are added during food processing and may end up in the food but do not have a technological function in the processed foodstuff). With a few exc ...
... additives (essentially substances which are added to food and have a technological function in that food) and processing aids (essentially substances which are added during food processing and may end up in the food but do not have a technological function in the processed foodstuff). With a few exc ...
Engineering the pentose phosphate pathway of
... production from D-glucose of e.g. starch. However, without genetic modifications it is unable to utilise the 5-carbon sugars D-xylose and L-arabinose present in plant biomass. In this study, one key metabolic step of the catabolic D-xylose pathway in recombinant D-xylose-utilising S. cerevisiae stra ...
... production from D-glucose of e.g. starch. However, without genetic modifications it is unable to utilise the 5-carbon sugars D-xylose and L-arabinose present in plant biomass. In this study, one key metabolic step of the catabolic D-xylose pathway in recombinant D-xylose-utilising S. cerevisiae stra ...
13-Alanine as an Ethylene Precursor
... As mentioned, several of the enzymes in this conversion are also part of the proposed scheme for conversion of fl-alanine to ethylene. Thus, the ability of isolated mitochondria to metabolize propionate indicates that at least a portion of the scheme for conversion of /8-alanine to ethylene 'is oper ...
... As mentioned, several of the enzymes in this conversion are also part of the proposed scheme for conversion of fl-alanine to ethylene. Thus, the ability of isolated mitochondria to metabolize propionate indicates that at least a portion of the scheme for conversion of /8-alanine to ethylene 'is oper ...
Electron Transport Chains of Lactic Acid Bacteria
... extracellular electron acceptors, via an electron transport chain (ETC) that can generate a proton motive force (PMF). This is in contrast to fermentation, defined as the oxidation of organic compounds using endogenous electron acceptors that are usually catabolic intermediates of the same organic c ...
... extracellular electron acceptors, via an electron transport chain (ETC) that can generate a proton motive force (PMF). This is in contrast to fermentation, defined as the oxidation of organic compounds using endogenous electron acceptors that are usually catabolic intermediates of the same organic c ...
Characterization of the Two-Component, FAD-Dependent Monooxygenase SgcC That Requires Carrier Protein-Tethered
... similarities.17–19 The first class, or one-component monooxygenases, are single polypeptides that utilize FAD or FMN as a cofactor and require NADH or NADPH to initiate oxidation of substrates; thus, these monooxygenases have both flavin reductase and monooxygnease activity. The second class, or two ...
... similarities.17–19 The first class, or one-component monooxygenases, are single polypeptides that utilize FAD or FMN as a cofactor and require NADH or NADPH to initiate oxidation of substrates; thus, these monooxygenases have both flavin reductase and monooxygnease activity. The second class, or two ...
Bacterial methionine biosynthesis
... Methionine is a proteinogenic amino acid, best known for its role in the initiation of translation. It possesses an unbranched, hydrophobic side chain and it is the only amino acid that contains a thioether (i.e. C–S–C bonding). In general, methionine is assumed to play a simple structural role in t ...
... Methionine is a proteinogenic amino acid, best known for its role in the initiation of translation. It possesses an unbranched, hydrophobic side chain and it is the only amino acid that contains a thioether (i.e. C–S–C bonding). In general, methionine is assumed to play a simple structural role in t ...
Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH
... complex. For instance, increases in insulin concentration postprandial are believed to activate PDH phosphatase over a longer time course than does exercise (minutes to hours vs seconds). In addition, situations of CHO deprivation lead to longer-term upregulation of PDH kinase activity (9). Lastly, ...
... complex. For instance, increases in insulin concentration postprandial are believed to activate PDH phosphatase over a longer time course than does exercise (minutes to hours vs seconds). In addition, situations of CHO deprivation lead to longer-term upregulation of PDH kinase activity (9). Lastly, ...
Chapter 18 Slides - University of Virginia
... • These coenzymes are two-electron carriers • They transfer hydride anion (H-) to and from substrates • Two important coenzymes in this class: – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company ...
... • These coenzymes are two-electron carriers • They transfer hydride anion (H-) to and from substrates • Two important coenzymes in this class: – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company ...
Oxidation and Synthesis of Fatty Acids in Soluble Enzyme Systems
... established by Lipmann and his group (13, 14). For present purposes it can be conceived of as merely a vehicle for an Sil group which can readily become acylated to form an acyl thiol ester. Now we come to the second function of the sparker. These thioesters -the fatty acyl derivatives of CoA-are ox ...
... established by Lipmann and his group (13, 14). For present purposes it can be conceived of as merely a vehicle for an Sil group which can readily become acylated to form an acyl thiol ester. Now we come to the second function of the sparker. These thioesters -the fatty acyl derivatives of CoA-are ox ...
1 Chapter 1 Chemistry On The Pyrimidine Ring
... The next step in the de novo biosynthetic pathway is performed by aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) (7). This is the first committed step in pyrimidine biosynthesis in prokaryotes and the enzyme is highly regulated by both the substrates and the products of nucleotide metabolism such as CTP and A ...
... The next step in the de novo biosynthetic pathway is performed by aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) (7). This is the first committed step in pyrimidine biosynthesis in prokaryotes and the enzyme is highly regulated by both the substrates and the products of nucleotide metabolism such as CTP and A ...
A genomic view on syntrophic versus non-syntrophic
... first hydrolyzed and degraded by fermentative micro-organisms that produce hydrogen, carbon dioxide and organic compounds, typically organic acids (butyrate, propionate, acetate and formate) as products. In sulfate-reducing environments these compounds are the common substrates for sulfate-reducing m ...
... first hydrolyzed and degraded by fermentative micro-organisms that produce hydrogen, carbon dioxide and organic compounds, typically organic acids (butyrate, propionate, acetate and formate) as products. In sulfate-reducing environments these compounds are the common substrates for sulfate-reducing m ...
An in Silico Liver: Model of Gluconeogenesis
... interplay between gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, and alcohol metabolism in the fasted rat liver. Biochemical pathways are represented by key kinetic reactions that include allosteric and substrates effectors, and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation enzymes regulation. The model also incorporates t ...
... interplay between gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, and alcohol metabolism in the fasted rat liver. Biochemical pathways are represented by key kinetic reactions that include allosteric and substrates effectors, and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation enzymes regulation. The model also incorporates t ...
risk and technical assessment report
... number of international organisations, foreign governments (Main report, S2.2) and a report by the European Commission’s Scientific Committee for Food (SCF, 2007). Overall, there were no concerns with the safety of B. circulans, when used as a source of β-galactosidase. Question 2: What is the risk ...
... number of international organisations, foreign governments (Main report, S2.2) and a report by the European Commission’s Scientific Committee for Food (SCF, 2007). Overall, there were no concerns with the safety of B. circulans, when used as a source of β-galactosidase. Question 2: What is the risk ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.