Adenosine triphosphate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... reactions using simple and complex sugars (carbohydrates) or lipids as an energy source. For ATP to be synthesized from complex fuels, they first need to be broken down into their basic components. Carbohydrates are hydrolysed into simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose. Fats (triglycerides) ar ...
... reactions using simple and complex sugars (carbohydrates) or lipids as an energy source. For ATP to be synthesized from complex fuels, they first need to be broken down into their basic components. Carbohydrates are hydrolysed into simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose. Fats (triglycerides) ar ...
FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATASE FROM GOAT LIVER: A POSSIBLE TARGET FOR
... essential coenzyme form of the vitamin riboflavin, and occurs widespread in plant and animal organisms [1, 34]. FMN and FAD are formed from riboflavin in liver, intestinal mucosa and other tissues. A great number of mammalian enzymes require FMN or Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as coenzymes for ...
... essential coenzyme form of the vitamin riboflavin, and occurs widespread in plant and animal organisms [1, 34]. FMN and FAD are formed from riboflavin in liver, intestinal mucosa and other tissues. A great number of mammalian enzymes require FMN or Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as coenzymes for ...
EXPRESSION OF ADH SYSTEM IN DROSOPHZLA B TZZ
... Developmental expression. Results indicate that in all genotypes assayed there is only activity in the Adh 1 homodimer zone when using first instar larvae. Sometimes, an additional weak activity can be seen in the heterodimer zone between the products of the Adh 1and Adh 2 loci, but there is never a ...
... Developmental expression. Results indicate that in all genotypes assayed there is only activity in the Adh 1 homodimer zone when using first instar larvae. Sometimes, an additional weak activity can be seen in the heterodimer zone between the products of the Adh 1and Adh 2 loci, but there is never a ...
c12) United States Patent - Rice Scholarship Home
... the NADH/NAD+ ratio, is critical for the cell. The NAD(H/+) cofactor pair is very important in microbial catabolism, where a carbon source, such as glucose, is oxidized through a series of reactions utilizing NAD+ as a cofactor and producing reducing equivalents in the form of NADH. It is crucially ...
... the NADH/NAD+ ratio, is critical for the cell. The NAD(H/+) cofactor pair is very important in microbial catabolism, where a carbon source, such as glucose, is oxidized through a series of reactions utilizing NAD+ as a cofactor and producing reducing equivalents in the form of NADH. It is crucially ...
AMINO ACID OXIDATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF UREA
... 3. During starvation or in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when carbohydrates are either unavailable or not properly utilized, cellular proteins are used as fuel. Under all these metabolic conditions, amino acids lose their amino groups to form -keto acids, the “carbon skeletons” of amino acids. Th ...
... 3. During starvation or in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when carbohydrates are either unavailable or not properly utilized, cellular proteins are used as fuel. Under all these metabolic conditions, amino acids lose their amino groups to form -keto acids, the “carbon skeletons” of amino acids. Th ...
Phylogenomic Investigation of Phospholipid Synthesis in Archaea
... and generally respecting the main archaeal taxonomic groups [31]. These results are consistent with the presence of a distinctive archaeal MVA pathway in the last archaeal common ancestor (LACA) and support that different isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis pathways are characteristic of each domain of ...
... and generally respecting the main archaeal taxonomic groups [31]. These results are consistent with the presence of a distinctive archaeal MVA pathway in the last archaeal common ancestor (LACA) and support that different isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis pathways are characteristic of each domain of ...
Emerging technology for fermenting D-xylose
... activity (Dax and Jeffries, unpublished). Taken together, these findings suggest similar but separate roles for nitrate and pH in regulating the anaerobic fermentative mechanism. It is possible that two different xylose reductases are present or active under the different conditions. Other factors m ...
... activity (Dax and Jeffries, unpublished). Taken together, these findings suggest similar but separate roles for nitrate and pH in regulating the anaerobic fermentative mechanism. It is possible that two different xylose reductases are present or active under the different conditions. Other factors m ...
1. Introduction to Natural Products Chemistry
... 2. Although compounds are usually transformed from simple structures to more complex ones, this is not always the case. ...
... 2. Although compounds are usually transformed from simple structures to more complex ones, this is not always the case. ...
Digestive Enzymes - Nutrigold Update Service
... the most active of all the lipase enzymes though the pancreas also secretes phospholipases to break down phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline. Digestion of many fats is a lengthy process requiring the presence of bile to help emulsify the fat so that it can bind to lipase enzymes to be broken ...
... the most active of all the lipase enzymes though the pancreas also secretes phospholipases to break down phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline. Digestion of many fats is a lengthy process requiring the presence of bile to help emulsify the fat so that it can bind to lipase enzymes to be broken ...
Isoenzymes in Clinical Diagnosis
... analogous pattern for creatine kinase. Once separated, the isoenzymes may prove to have different catalytic properties. For example, the muscle and heart varieties of LDH behave differently toward various concentrations of their common substrate, as shown in figure 2. These differences, like differe ...
... analogous pattern for creatine kinase. Once separated, the isoenzymes may prove to have different catalytic properties. For example, the muscle and heart varieties of LDH behave differently toward various concentrations of their common substrate, as shown in figure 2. These differences, like differe ...
physiological reviews
... S-acyl-lipoic-SH). It may be an intermolecular reaction requiring the aid of a hydrogen carrier (e.g. DPN in triose phosphate oxidation). In the actual processwhich results in the formation of the high energy bond this hydrogen carrier may act either as a hydrogen acceptor (e.g. in triose phosphate ...
... S-acyl-lipoic-SH). It may be an intermolecular reaction requiring the aid of a hydrogen carrier (e.g. DPN in triose phosphate oxidation). In the actual processwhich results in the formation of the high energy bond this hydrogen carrier may act either as a hydrogen acceptor (e.g. in triose phosphate ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... Enzyme usually works on esters too Found in eukaryotic digestive enzymes and in bacterial systems Widely-varying substrate specificities ...
... Enzyme usually works on esters too Found in eukaryotic digestive enzymes and in bacterial systems Widely-varying substrate specificities ...
The Metabolism of Acetate by the Blue-green Algae
... other than carbon dioxide has been noted by many workers. Exceptions to this statement include Tolypothrix tenius, the growth of which is stimulated by glucose (Kiyohara et al. 1960; 1962) and ChlorogZoc.n.fi.itscliii, which has been reported to grow in the dark on sLicrose albeit the growth rate wa ...
... other than carbon dioxide has been noted by many workers. Exceptions to this statement include Tolypothrix tenius, the growth of which is stimulated by glucose (Kiyohara et al. 1960; 1962) and ChlorogZoc.n.fi.itscliii, which has been reported to grow in the dark on sLicrose albeit the growth rate wa ...
Amino Acid Catabolism: N
... adequate to supply amino acids for growth, while adding to the diet the a-keto acid analogs of essential amino acids. Liver transplantation has also been used, since liver is the organ that carries out Urea Cycle. ...
... adequate to supply amino acids for growth, while adding to the diet the a-keto acid analogs of essential amino acids. Liver transplantation has also been used, since liver is the organ that carries out Urea Cycle. ...
18. enzymes iii
... described in terms of free enery, G. In the coordinate diagram, the free energy of the system is plotted against the progress of the reaction (or reaction coordinate). In its normal stable form or ground state, any molecule contains a specific amount of free energy. Chemists express the free energy ...
... described in terms of free enery, G. In the coordinate diagram, the free energy of the system is plotted against the progress of the reaction (or reaction coordinate). In its normal stable form or ground state, any molecule contains a specific amount of free energy. Chemists express the free energy ...
LipidMetabolism
... NADPH-reduce this to sphinganine Acetylate the amine group to make Nacylsphinganine Beta-unsaturate the palmitoyl group to make ceramide, the basis for all other sphingolipids Lipid Metabolism ...
... NADPH-reduce this to sphinganine Acetylate the amine group to make Nacylsphinganine Beta-unsaturate the palmitoyl group to make ceramide, the basis for all other sphingolipids Lipid Metabolism ...
Therapeutic role of coenzyme Q10 in Parkinson`s disease
... were noted across the 3 assays in complexes I, II/III and IV, and citrate synthase. These studies provided strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs early in the course of PD and plays a pathogenetic role in at least some cases of the disease. The etiology of the mitochondrial dysfunctio ...
... were noted across the 3 assays in complexes I, II/III and IV, and citrate synthase. These studies provided strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs early in the course of PD and plays a pathogenetic role in at least some cases of the disease. The etiology of the mitochondrial dysfunctio ...
Extended spectrum beta-lactamases - Micro-Rao
... that most of the plasmid mediated beta-lactamases may have their origin in bacterial chromosomes. Genes coding for beta-lactamases are also present on transposons or insertion sequences, resulting in their dissemination among different plasmids. The Ω-loop, which is a conserved structural feature o ...
... that most of the plasmid mediated beta-lactamases may have their origin in bacterial chromosomes. Genes coding for beta-lactamases are also present on transposons or insertion sequences, resulting in their dissemination among different plasmids. The Ω-loop, which is a conserved structural feature o ...
Clinical Study The Relationship between
... A higher oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coenzyme Q10 concentration and lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activities and the risk of CAD. Patients who were identified by ...
... A higher oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coenzyme Q10 concentration and lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activities and the risk of CAD. Patients who were identified by ...
Know Your Vitamin: Vitamin B3
... Arguably, deficiency of vitamin B3 would result in even lesser than 35% of energy being available to the body because the enzymes are not present for conversion to storable energy! Vitamin B3 also provides cognition benefits, important for vascular blood flow and is necessary for healthy teeth, bone ...
... Arguably, deficiency of vitamin B3 would result in even lesser than 35% of energy being available to the body because the enzymes are not present for conversion to storable energy! Vitamin B3 also provides cognition benefits, important for vascular blood flow and is necessary for healthy teeth, bone ...
Divergent evolution of the thiolase superfamily and chalcone
... (HMGS) also contains the CHN triad, although it catalyzes a non-decarboxylative condensation. That the enzymes of the thiolase superfamily share overall similarity in protein structure and function suggested a common evolutionary origin. All thiolases were found to have, in addition to the Cys–His d ...
... (HMGS) also contains the CHN triad, although it catalyzes a non-decarboxylative condensation. That the enzymes of the thiolase superfamily share overall similarity in protein structure and function suggested a common evolutionary origin. All thiolases were found to have, in addition to the Cys–His d ...
1. Fatty acids may be synthesized from dietary glucose via pyruvate
... (2) It increases glucose entry into the adipocytes, so that the formation of DHAP and glycerol-3phosphate is increased. The availability of these products of glycolysis increases the rate of reesterification of free fatty acids to triacylglycerols, thus reducing the rate of release of the fatty acid ...
... (2) It increases glucose entry into the adipocytes, so that the formation of DHAP and glycerol-3phosphate is increased. The availability of these products of glycolysis increases the rate of reesterification of free fatty acids to triacylglycerols, thus reducing the rate of release of the fatty acid ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.