Design and analysis of metabolic pathways supporting
... from formate to NAD(P) is quite slow. Although fast NAD(P)H-dependent formate dehydrogenases exist that require metal ions for catalysis, these enzymes are extremely oxygen sensitive [55,56] and/or are complex proteins that require unique cofactors [57–60]. As such, they are not suitable for support ...
... from formate to NAD(P) is quite slow. Although fast NAD(P)H-dependent formate dehydrogenases exist that require metal ions for catalysis, these enzymes are extremely oxygen sensitive [55,56] and/or are complex proteins that require unique cofactors [57–60]. As such, they are not suitable for support ...
FORMATTED - revised ENZYMology
... species, which then forms the product. Substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site usually by non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, hydrophobic interactions and van-der waal forces). Active site is a cleft or crevices in the protein (Fig.1) and consists of certain amino ac ...
... species, which then forms the product. Substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site usually by non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, hydrophobic interactions and van-der waal forces). Active site is a cleft or crevices in the protein (Fig.1) and consists of certain amino ac ...
Anaerobic Glucose and Serine Metabolism in Staphy
... isomerase, phosphofructokinase, fructose 1,Qbisphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, acetate kinase, serine dehydratase, ribokinase, transaldolase, transketolase, NADH oxidase, NADPH oxidase and NADPH-NAD transhydrogenase weIe ...
... isomerase, phosphofructokinase, fructose 1,Qbisphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, acetate kinase, serine dehydratase, ribokinase, transaldolase, transketolase, NADH oxidase, NADPH oxidase and NADPH-NAD transhydrogenase weIe ...
Ch 4: Cellular Metabolism
... Biochemical pathway that produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. Yields a net of two ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose catabolized. Every living creature is capable of carrying out glycolysis. Most present-day organisms can extract considerably more energy from glucose thro ...
... Biochemical pathway that produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. Yields a net of two ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose catabolized. Every living creature is capable of carrying out glycolysis. Most present-day organisms can extract considerably more energy from glucose thro ...
41 Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
... acids. These molecules can be synthesized either from scratch, de novo, or salvaged from existing bases. Dietary uptake of purine and pyrimidine bases is low, because most of the ingested nucleic acids are metabolized by the intestinal epithelial cells. The de novo pathway of purine synthesis is com ...
... acids. These molecules can be synthesized either from scratch, de novo, or salvaged from existing bases. Dietary uptake of purine and pyrimidine bases is low, because most of the ingested nucleic acids are metabolized by the intestinal epithelial cells. The de novo pathway of purine synthesis is com ...
University of Groningen Molecular basis of two novel
... Subsequently, a water molecule activated by the His/Asp or His/Glu pair hydrolyzes this ester intermediate in the second step. Haloalkane dehalogenases use a very similar two-step catalytic mechanism, except that the nucleophile is an aspartate instead of a serine/cysteine residue, which, in an SN2 ...
... Subsequently, a water molecule activated by the His/Asp or His/Glu pair hydrolyzes this ester intermediate in the second step. Haloalkane dehalogenases use a very similar two-step catalytic mechanism, except that the nucleophile is an aspartate instead of a serine/cysteine residue, which, in an SN2 ...
27. biosynthesis of amino acids
... from simple substances, they are often described as being of endogenous origin. The second case, where the compounds are obtained preformed from the environment, would be termed an exogenous source. Respectively, these two terms literally mean ‘formed within’ and ‘formed without’. Amino acids rely u ...
... from simple substances, they are often described as being of endogenous origin. The second case, where the compounds are obtained preformed from the environment, would be termed an exogenous source. Respectively, these two terms literally mean ‘formed within’ and ‘formed without’. Amino acids rely u ...
A structural comparison of molybdenum cofactor
... transhydroxylase, most of these enzymes serve as terminal reductases in the absence of oxygen and the presence of their respective substrates, thereby allowing the bacteria to generate more energy compared to the amount obtainable by fermentation. DMSO reductase is found in a variety of bacteria, in ...
... transhydroxylase, most of these enzymes serve as terminal reductases in the absence of oxygen and the presence of their respective substrates, thereby allowing the bacteria to generate more energy compared to the amount obtainable by fermentation. DMSO reductase is found in a variety of bacteria, in ...
Glycolysis - WordPress.com
... Krebs Cycle. In order for the Pyruvate molecules to enter the Krebs cycle they must be converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A. During this link reaction, for each molecule of pyruvate that gets converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A, an NAD is also reduced. This stage of the aerobic system takes place in the matrix ...
... Krebs Cycle. In order for the Pyruvate molecules to enter the Krebs cycle they must be converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A. During this link reaction, for each molecule of pyruvate that gets converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A, an NAD is also reduced. This stage of the aerobic system takes place in the matrix ...
4. Power: Pathways that make ATP
... helps to hold these molecules in the proper location in the enzymes that use them. Our bodies have enzymes that allow it to make ATP from smaller molecules, but we cannot synthesize (make) flavin or nicotinic acid; they are vitamins. A vitamin is a compound that is essential for our metabolism but w ...
... helps to hold these molecules in the proper location in the enzymes that use them. Our bodies have enzymes that allow it to make ATP from smaller molecules, but we cannot synthesize (make) flavin or nicotinic acid; they are vitamins. A vitamin is a compound that is essential for our metabolism but w ...
Lec 16: Nitrogen (ammonia) assimilation
... glutamate synthase occurs only in microorganisms, plants, and lower eukaryotes. ...
... glutamate synthase occurs only in microorganisms, plants, and lower eukaryotes. ...
Energy and Muscle Contraction
... Therefore, during this time, cellular respiration will be going at capacity, limited only by oxygen restraints. Glycolysis, on the other hand, will proceed at an accelerated rate for the purpose of gaining extra ATP. Note that during this time, pyruvate will be fed into the mitochondria as fast as s ...
... Therefore, during this time, cellular respiration will be going at capacity, limited only by oxygen restraints. Glycolysis, on the other hand, will proceed at an accelerated rate for the purpose of gaining extra ATP. Note that during this time, pyruvate will be fed into the mitochondria as fast as s ...
Application of Synthetic Biology for Biopolymer
... agricultural and forest residues. As result is expected that the production cost of PHB from lignocellulosic biomass may be reduced since both glucose and xylose fractions of the substrate can be used. Although the generated yeast strains were able to consume xylose and produce PHB, the production r ...
... agricultural and forest residues. As result is expected that the production cost of PHB from lignocellulosic biomass may be reduced since both glucose and xylose fractions of the substrate can be used. Although the generated yeast strains were able to consume xylose and produce PHB, the production r ...
Chapter 25
... acid catabolism, is a product of amino acid catabolism, and is used in heme biosynthesis. ATP and NADPH serve critical roles in coupling catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is largely oxidative in nature, leading to reduction of cofactors NAD+ and FAD. Anabolic pathways are reductive with NADPH usu ...
... acid catabolism, is a product of amino acid catabolism, and is used in heme biosynthesis. ATP and NADPH serve critical roles in coupling catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is largely oxidative in nature, leading to reduction of cofactors NAD+ and FAD. Anabolic pathways are reductive with NADPH usu ...
Triglyceride Measurements: a Review of Methods and Interferences
... chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1), as demonstrated by Bucolo and David (32). The presence of proteases can have a negative effect on the stability of a reagent solution. Digesting proteases can attack other enzymes in the assay system, leading to poor stability of glycerol kinase and pyruvate kinase at pH ...
... chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1), as demonstrated by Bucolo and David (32). The presence of proteases can have a negative effect on the stability of a reagent solution. Digesting proteases can attack other enzymes in the assay system, leading to poor stability of glycerol kinase and pyruvate kinase at pH ...
Manipulating redox and ATP balancing for improved production of
... PEP-carboxylase relative to PEP-carboxykinase enzyme. These results also suggested that the PEP to OAA reaction can operate under the physiological conditions in E. coli, thus promoting this strategy for the use in succinate production strains. Here, we further assessed the feasibility of this react ...
... PEP-carboxylase relative to PEP-carboxykinase enzyme. These results also suggested that the PEP to OAA reaction can operate under the physiological conditions in E. coli, thus promoting this strategy for the use in succinate production strains. Here, we further assessed the feasibility of this react ...
Slide 1
... Most cases Glc-6-P is end product---used in other pathways - glycogen, starch, pentose, hexose synthesis Enzyme only found in liver, kidney, small intestines Bound to ER with active site towards lumen Hydrolysis of phosphate irreversibly forms glucose Secretory pathway exports to blood stream for ot ...
... Most cases Glc-6-P is end product---used in other pathways - glycogen, starch, pentose, hexose synthesis Enzyme only found in liver, kidney, small intestines Bound to ER with active site towards lumen Hydrolysis of phosphate irreversibly forms glucose Secretory pathway exports to blood stream for ot ...
Chapter 2 Immobilization of Enzymes
... chromatography, and biosensors. At the beginning, only immobilized single enzymes were used, after 1970s more complex systems including two-enzyme reactions with cofactor regeneration and living cells were developed. The enzymes can be attached to the support by interactions ranging from reversible ...
... chromatography, and biosensors. At the beginning, only immobilized single enzymes were used, after 1970s more complex systems including two-enzyme reactions with cofactor regeneration and living cells were developed. The enzymes can be attached to the support by interactions ranging from reversible ...
NUCLEOTIDES Occurrence Nucleotides are present in all types of
... components. They are nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate. Phosphate is attached to ribose through an ester linkage. Nomenclature of nucleotides Since nucleotides are phosphorylated nucleosides, the name of a nucleotide is composed of name of nucleoside and phosphate. The attachment position of pho ...
... components. They are nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate. Phosphate is attached to ribose through an ester linkage. Nomenclature of nucleotides Since nucleotides are phosphorylated nucleosides, the name of a nucleotide is composed of name of nucleoside and phosphate. The attachment position of pho ...
Flux limitations in the ortho pathway of benzoate
... However, repression of the ortho pathway by such compounds has not been unambiguously demonstrated and the molecular mechanisms remain obscure (Ornston, 1966; Duetz e t al., 1994; Holtel e t al., 1994; MacGregor e t al., 1992; Ampe & Lindley, 1995). Another possible cause for limitation of the catab ...
... However, repression of the ortho pathway by such compounds has not been unambiguously demonstrated and the molecular mechanisms remain obscure (Ornston, 1966; Duetz e t al., 1994; Holtel e t al., 1994; MacGregor e t al., 1992; Ampe & Lindley, 1995). Another possible cause for limitation of the catab ...
BIO121_Chapter 6
... B. No, their energy needs are too small to require respiration. C. Yes, they require ATP like other living things, and respiration generates ATP. D. Yes, they require cellular respiration as a way to get rid of extra CO2. ...
... B. No, their energy needs are too small to require respiration. C. Yes, they require ATP like other living things, and respiration generates ATP. D. Yes, they require cellular respiration as a way to get rid of extra CO2. ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.