CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2
... 1) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA 2) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA + CH3CO-CoA 3) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA + CH3-CO-CoA 4) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA + CH3-CO-CoA 5) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH ...
... 1) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA 2) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA + CH3CO-CoA 3) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA + CH3-CO-CoA 4) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA + CH3-CO-CoA 5) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH ...
High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with
... An alternate form of a gene present in > 1% of the population is called a polymorphism. Some polymorphisms that are associated with a phenotype have been shown to alter cofactor binding and affect a large percentage of the population (see Table 1 for a list of the allelic frequencies of the polymorp ...
... An alternate form of a gene present in > 1% of the population is called a polymorphism. Some polymorphisms that are associated with a phenotype have been shown to alter cofactor binding and affect a large percentage of the population (see Table 1 for a list of the allelic frequencies of the polymorp ...
Unit 6 Vitamins Defining a vitamin Essential
... Rare; Listlessness, fatigue, headache, sleep disturbance, nausea, abdominal distress; Alcoholics at risk Usually in combination with other deficiencies Vitamin B5: _____________________ Exists in free and protein-bound (biocytin) forms; biocytin must be cleaved from protein by biotinidase before bei ...
... Rare; Listlessness, fatigue, headache, sleep disturbance, nausea, abdominal distress; Alcoholics at risk Usually in combination with other deficiencies Vitamin B5: _____________________ Exists in free and protein-bound (biocytin) forms; biocytin must be cleaved from protein by biotinidase before bei ...
PRINCIPLES OF METABOLIC CONTROL
... widely from species to species but can differ widely for similar metabolic pathways in different cell types of a single organism, or even within different organelles of a single cell. For example, citrate synthase, which catalyzes the reaction acetyl-CoA þ oxaloacetate ! citrate þ CoA, is controlled ...
... widely from species to species but can differ widely for similar metabolic pathways in different cell types of a single organism, or even within different organelles of a single cell. For example, citrate synthase, which catalyzes the reaction acetyl-CoA þ oxaloacetate ! citrate þ CoA, is controlled ...
iRsp1095: A genome-scale reconstruction of the Rhodobacter
... carbon and reducing power in the well-studied photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. This facultative bacterium is capable of either aerobic or anaerobic respiration, depending on the availability of oxygen (O2) or alternative electron acceptors. When O2 is absent or limiting, light energ ...
... carbon and reducing power in the well-studied photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. This facultative bacterium is capable of either aerobic or anaerobic respiration, depending on the availability of oxygen (O2) or alternative electron acceptors. When O2 is absent or limiting, light energ ...
Specificity of the Organic Acid Activation of
... is stimulated and stabilized by pyruvate (Zhang et al., 1996), it is obvious that pyruvate reacts directly with the AOX protein. In soybean, it has been shown that pyruvate generated intramitochondrially during oxidation of malate and succinate can also lead to activation of AOX (Day et al., 1994), ...
... is stimulated and stabilized by pyruvate (Zhang et al., 1996), it is obvious that pyruvate reacts directly with the AOX protein. In soybean, it has been shown that pyruvate generated intramitochondrially during oxidation of malate and succinate can also lead to activation of AOX (Day et al., 1994), ...
respiration - A-level Biology Tutor
... are used as a respiratory substrate and that more carbon dioxide would be produced but many candidates were unable to give a valid suggestion as to why fats were not used in muscles as the main source of energy. This comment originally referred to question 2 on paper 1074/02 (11/01/2013) ...
... are used as a respiratory substrate and that more carbon dioxide would be produced but many candidates were unable to give a valid suggestion as to why fats were not used in muscles as the main source of energy. This comment originally referred to question 2 on paper 1074/02 (11/01/2013) ...
Lactate - University of Iowa Health Care
... However, the mechanisms of how it interacts with free radicals remain unclear. One of the possible mechanism is lactate may be converted to pyruvate and donate electrons to the oxidized manganese. Then the reduced manganese can be used as antioxidant. ...
... However, the mechanisms of how it interacts with free radicals remain unclear. One of the possible mechanism is lactate may be converted to pyruvate and donate electrons to the oxidized manganese. Then the reduced manganese can be used as antioxidant. ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate with the formation of two ATP molecules anaerobic ...
... molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate with the formation of two ATP molecules anaerobic ...
glucose
... • Glucose-1-phosphate can be converted to glucose-6phosphate, which can enter glycolysis • Phosphorylated glucose can’t be absorbed into cells - in the liver and kidneys, glucose-6-phosphate can be hydrolized to glucose • Glycogenolysis is activated by glucogon in the liver and epinephrine in muscle ...
... • Glucose-1-phosphate can be converted to glucose-6phosphate, which can enter glycolysis • Phosphorylated glucose can’t be absorbed into cells - in the liver and kidneys, glucose-6-phosphate can be hydrolized to glucose • Glycogenolysis is activated by glucogon in the liver and epinephrine in muscle ...
420_06_watersoluble1..
... f) use in lowering homocysteine levels (see sulfur amino acid scheme above). High homocysteine may be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease but this is now controversial. Combine with folic acid and B12 for optimum lowering action. g) Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy-Helpful in high ...
... f) use in lowering homocysteine levels (see sulfur amino acid scheme above). High homocysteine may be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease but this is now controversial. Combine with folic acid and B12 for optimum lowering action. g) Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy-Helpful in high ...
respiration_DSE_revi..
... The conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA is an coupled oxidationreduction reaction in which high energy electrons are removed from pyruvate and end up in NADH. The three carbon pyruvate is split into CO2 and the two carbon acetate. ...
... The conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA is an coupled oxidationreduction reaction in which high energy electrons are removed from pyruvate and end up in NADH. The three carbon pyruvate is split into CO2 and the two carbon acetate. ...
Autocatalytic sets in E. coli metabolism
... are simplifying the network’s catalyst space without losing biological information. iv) Reactions for which the E. coli enzyme is unknown were assigned to another general catalyst called “genCat”, which is also included in the food set, to resolve incomplete data; v) Groups of catalysts with common ...
... are simplifying the network’s catalyst space without losing biological information. iv) Reactions for which the E. coli enzyme is unknown were assigned to another general catalyst called “genCat”, which is also included in the food set, to resolve incomplete data; v) Groups of catalysts with common ...
Autocatalytic sets in E. coli metabolism
... are simplifying the network’s catalyst space without losing biological information. iv) Reactions for which the E. coli enzyme is unknown were assigned to another general catalyst called “genCat”, which is also included in the food set, to resolve incomplete data; v) Groups of catalysts with common ...
... are simplifying the network’s catalyst space without losing biological information. iv) Reactions for which the E. coli enzyme is unknown were assigned to another general catalyst called “genCat”, which is also included in the food set, to resolve incomplete data; v) Groups of catalysts with common ...
File
... A) Two molecules of pyruvate are each converted into two-carbon molecules joined to a coenzyme A molecule. B) Each pyruvate loses a carbon atom, which is released as CO2. C) Two pyruvate molecules together contain less chemical energy than was found in the original glucose molecule. D) Each pyruvate ...
... A) Two molecules of pyruvate are each converted into two-carbon molecules joined to a coenzyme A molecule. B) Each pyruvate loses a carbon atom, which is released as CO2. C) Two pyruvate molecules together contain less chemical energy than was found in the original glucose molecule. D) Each pyruvate ...
File
... A) Two molecules of pyruvate are each converted into two-carbon molecules joined to a coenzyme A molecule. B) Each pyruvate loses a carbon atom, which is released as CO2. C) Two pyruvate molecules together contain less chemical energy than was found in the original glucose molecule. D) Each pyruvate ...
... A) Two molecules of pyruvate are each converted into two-carbon molecules joined to a coenzyme A molecule. B) Each pyruvate loses a carbon atom, which is released as CO2. C) Two pyruvate molecules together contain less chemical energy than was found in the original glucose molecule. D) Each pyruvate ...
An Introduction to Metabolism
... resources of the cell. Some metabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. These degradative processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose and other organic ...
... resources of the cell. Some metabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. These degradative processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose and other organic ...
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
... CAM network (Figure 1; Cushman and Bohnert, 1997; Lüttge, 1998). The key enzyme of CO2 dark fixation is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, (1) in Figure 1) in the cytosol. It forms oxaloacetate, which is then reduced to malate. This is the only, or at least the dominating, form of nocturnal CO2 ...
... CAM network (Figure 1; Cushman and Bohnert, 1997; Lüttge, 1998). The key enzyme of CO2 dark fixation is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, (1) in Figure 1) in the cytosol. It forms oxaloacetate, which is then reduced to malate. This is the only, or at least the dominating, form of nocturnal CO2 ...
Metabolism of sucrose and its five isomers by
... rates were determined in a Beckman DU 640 recording spectrophotometer. In all calculations, a molar absorption coefficient (ε) of 6220 M−" cm−" was assumed for NADPH. S6PH. This enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of both sucrose 6-phosphate (to G6P and fructose) and sucrose (to glucose and fructose), a ...
... rates were determined in a Beckman DU 640 recording spectrophotometer. In all calculations, a molar absorption coefficient (ε) of 6220 M−" cm−" was assumed for NADPH. S6PH. This enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of both sucrose 6-phosphate (to G6P and fructose) and sucrose (to glucose and fructose), a ...
ENZYMES - Victor Temple
... • Many enzymes are named by adding suffix “-ase” to the name of their substrate; Example: • Urease: enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of Urea, • Maltase: enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of Maltose, • Some enzymes, such as Trypsin and Chymotrypsin, have names that do not denote their substrate; • Som ...
... • Many enzymes are named by adding suffix “-ase” to the name of their substrate; Example: • Urease: enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of Urea, • Maltase: enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of Maltose, • Some enzymes, such as Trypsin and Chymotrypsin, have names that do not denote their substrate; • Som ...
A Theoretical Analysis of NADPH Production and
... Estimation of the NADPH requirement for biomass formation during growth of yeasts on different carbon and nitrogen sources can be performed by summation of all NADPH-requiring anabolic reactions. Similar calculations have been made by Payne (1970), Stouthamer (1973) and Harder & van Dijken (1976) bu ...
... Estimation of the NADPH requirement for biomass formation during growth of yeasts on different carbon and nitrogen sources can be performed by summation of all NADPH-requiring anabolic reactions. Similar calculations have been made by Payne (1970), Stouthamer (1973) and Harder & van Dijken (1976) bu ...
A Systematic Approach to Enzyme Assay Optimization, Illustrated by
... As stated above, our choice for the additional constraint is arbitrary. However, depending on what criterion is chosen, different substrate concentrations result. These different concentration pairs are equally valid in that they are all optimal in some way, and they all yield the same enzyme activi ...
... As stated above, our choice for the additional constraint is arbitrary. However, depending on what criterion is chosen, different substrate concentrations result. These different concentration pairs are equally valid in that they are all optimal in some way, and they all yield the same enzyme activi ...
Feodor Lynen - Nobel Lecture
... It was possible to assume with fair certainty from these results that the succinic acid produced by yeast from acetate is formed via citric acid7. Sonderhoff’s experiments with deuterated acetic acid led to another important discovery. In the analysis of the yeast cells themselves, it was found that ...
... It was possible to assume with fair certainty from these results that the succinic acid produced by yeast from acetate is formed via citric acid7. Sonderhoff’s experiments with deuterated acetic acid led to another important discovery. In the analysis of the yeast cells themselves, it was found that ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.