Oxidation and biosynthesis of fatty acids
... Insulin stimulates fatty acid synthesis causing dephosphorylation of carboxylase. Glucagon and epinephrine have the reverse effect (keep the carboxylase in the inactive phosphorylated state). Protein kinase is activated by AMP and inhibited by ATP. Carboxylase is inactivated when the energy charge i ...
... Insulin stimulates fatty acid synthesis causing dephosphorylation of carboxylase. Glucagon and epinephrine have the reverse effect (keep the carboxylase in the inactive phosphorylated state). Protein kinase is activated by AMP and inhibited by ATP. Carboxylase is inactivated when the energy charge i ...
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Problem Unit Two
... Biochemical reactions that occur in living cells are in most respects ordinary chemical reactions. What makes these reactions unique is that they proceed very rapidly at relatively low temperatures (physiological temperature, 37°C or 98.6°F, is low when compared to the chemical reactions used in ind ...
... Biochemical reactions that occur in living cells are in most respects ordinary chemical reactions. What makes these reactions unique is that they proceed very rapidly at relatively low temperatures (physiological temperature, 37°C or 98.6°F, is low when compared to the chemical reactions used in ind ...
Vitamin C
... • Vitamin C may also influence mRNA levels needed for collagen synthesis. • Although these reactions may seen simple, normal development and maintenance of skin, tendons, cartilage, bone and dentine depend on an adequate supply of vitamin C. • Also, important in wound healing and bleeding prevention ...
... • Vitamin C may also influence mRNA levels needed for collagen synthesis. • Although these reactions may seen simple, normal development and maintenance of skin, tendons, cartilage, bone and dentine depend on an adequate supply of vitamin C. • Also, important in wound healing and bleeding prevention ...
Energy coupling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... ethanol from xylose and arabinose (van Maris et al., 2006). This review focuses on a third important factor: conservation of free energy (ATP) during product formation. Product pathways with a positive net ATP yield provide microorganisms with free energy for growth and maintenance processes. Howeve ...
... ethanol from xylose and arabinose (van Maris et al., 2006). This review focuses on a third important factor: conservation of free energy (ATP) during product formation. Product pathways with a positive net ATP yield provide microorganisms with free energy for growth and maintenance processes. Howeve ...
G. M. Tielens Hellemond, Fred R. Opperdoes and Aloysius Susanne
... Metabolic Pathways in the Presence of Glucose (10 mM), Glycerol (13 mM), Proline (5 mM), and Threonine (3 mM)—The incubations performed with [6-14C]glucose demonstrated that acetate and succinate were the main excreted end products of glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous ...
... Metabolic Pathways in the Presence of Glucose (10 mM), Glycerol (13 mM), Proline (5 mM), and Threonine (3 mM)—The incubations performed with [6-14C]glucose demonstrated that acetate and succinate were the main excreted end products of glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous ...
Purification and properties of NADP +-dependent
... removed on a TSK 3000 gel-permeation column in Mono P buffer containing 50 mM-NaCI. The native M , of the protein was determined by comparison with the following standards: chymotrypsin ( M , 25000), egg albumin (45000) and BSA (67000). (b) Aspergillus niger glycerol dehydrogenase. Crude extract was ...
... removed on a TSK 3000 gel-permeation column in Mono P buffer containing 50 mM-NaCI. The native M , of the protein was determined by comparison with the following standards: chymotrypsin ( M , 25000), egg albumin (45000) and BSA (67000). (b) Aspergillus niger glycerol dehydrogenase. Crude extract was ...
10 Translocation in the Phloem Chapter
... between the two cells. The plasmodesmata are often complex and branched on the companion cell side. Companion cells play a role in the transport of photosynthetic products from producing cells in mature leaves to the sieve elements in the minor (small) veins of the leaf. They are also thought to tak ...
... between the two cells. The plasmodesmata are often complex and branched on the companion cell side. Companion cells play a role in the transport of photosynthetic products from producing cells in mature leaves to the sieve elements in the minor (small) veins of the leaf. They are also thought to tak ...
Cellular respiration
... In the thylakoid membranes, pigment complexes absorb solar energy which excites electrons (e-). Energized e- pass through an electron transport chain (ETC) where they release energy for ATP production. ...
... In the thylakoid membranes, pigment complexes absorb solar energy which excites electrons (e-). Energized e- pass through an electron transport chain (ETC) where they release energy for ATP production. ...
New Functions for Parts of the Krebs Cycle in Procyclic
... Metabolic Pathways in the Presence of Glucose (10 mM), Glycerol (13 mM), Proline (5 mM), and Threonine (3 mM)—The incubations performed with [6-14C]glucose demonstrated that acetate and succinate were the main excreted end products of glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous ...
... Metabolic Pathways in the Presence of Glucose (10 mM), Glycerol (13 mM), Proline (5 mM), and Threonine (3 mM)—The incubations performed with [6-14C]glucose demonstrated that acetate and succinate were the main excreted end products of glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous ...
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
... the reduction of Fe3 to Fe2; (2) transfer as a hydrogen atom (H e); and (3) transfer as a hydride ion (:H), which bears two electrons. The term reducing equivalent is used to designate a single electron equivalent transferred in an oxidation-reduction reaction. In addition to NAD and flavopro ...
... the reduction of Fe3 to Fe2; (2) transfer as a hydrogen atom (H e); and (3) transfer as a hydride ion (:H), which bears two electrons. The term reducing equivalent is used to designate a single electron equivalent transferred in an oxidation-reduction reaction. In addition to NAD and flavopro ...
pancreatic secretion
... As highly acidic Gastric contents are emptied into duodenal lumen, this acidic Chyme must be neutralized quickly in duodenal lumen, Why? ...
... As highly acidic Gastric contents are emptied into duodenal lumen, this acidic Chyme must be neutralized quickly in duodenal lumen, Why? ...
Microbial degradation of chloroaromatics Mars, Astrid E.
... 3-chlorocatechol, respectively, accumulated in the medium. To establish the catabolic routes for these catechols, activities of enzymes of the (modified) ortho- and meta-cleavage pathways were measured in crude extracts of cells of P. putida GJ31 grown on various aromatic substrates, including chlor ...
... 3-chlorocatechol, respectively, accumulated in the medium. To establish the catabolic routes for these catechols, activities of enzymes of the (modified) ortho- and meta-cleavage pathways were measured in crude extracts of cells of P. putida GJ31 grown on various aromatic substrates, including chlor ...
mineralization of chlorobenzene. of the meta
... P. putida GJ31 for growth on aromatic compounds, the presence of enzymes involved in the meta-, ortho-, and modified ortho-cleavage pathways was determined in crude extracts prepared from cells grown on toluene, chlorobenzene, benzene, benzoate, a mixture of toluene and chlorobenzene, succinate, or ...
... P. putida GJ31 for growth on aromatic compounds, the presence of enzymes involved in the meta-, ortho-, and modified ortho-cleavage pathways was determined in crude extracts prepared from cells grown on toluene, chlorobenzene, benzene, benzoate, a mixture of toluene and chlorobenzene, succinate, or ...
Cellular respiration
... In the thylakoid membranes, pigment complexes absorb solar energy which excites electrons (e-). Energized e- pass through an electron transport chain (ETC) where they release energy for ATP production. ...
... In the thylakoid membranes, pigment complexes absorb solar energy which excites electrons (e-). Energized e- pass through an electron transport chain (ETC) where they release energy for ATP production. ...
Radical species in the catalytic pathways of enzymes from anaerobes
... reactions, nicotinate is converted to 2-methyleneglutarate whereby the original carbon skeleton is still retained. In the subsequent coenzyme B12 -dependent rearrangement of 2-methyleneglutarate to (R)-3methylitaconate, a derivative of a C5 -dicarboxylate is again converted to a more branched C4 -di ...
... reactions, nicotinate is converted to 2-methyleneglutarate whereby the original carbon skeleton is still retained. In the subsequent coenzyme B12 -dependent rearrangement of 2-methyleneglutarate to (R)-3methylitaconate, a derivative of a C5 -dicarboxylate is again converted to a more branched C4 -di ...
Chapter 8
... cannot be converted to α-Kg directly. The logical possibility is that citrate is first converted to isocitrate in which the -OH is moved from C 3 to C 4. Shortly thereafter Martius and Knoop found an enzyme, aconitase, that catalyses this interconversion. So: citrate ⇒ isocitrate ⇒ αΚg ⇒ succinate ⇒ ...
... cannot be converted to α-Kg directly. The logical possibility is that citrate is first converted to isocitrate in which the -OH is moved from C 3 to C 4. Shortly thereafter Martius and Knoop found an enzyme, aconitase, that catalyses this interconversion. So: citrate ⇒ isocitrate ⇒ αΚg ⇒ succinate ⇒ ...
Glucose metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi
... instance, a cMDH [cytosolic MDH (malate dehydrogenase)] is not present in T. cruzi, having mutated to an l‑α‑aromatic hydroxyacid dehydrogenase that is unable to reduce oxaloacetate [13]. The enzymes converting glucose into 3‑phosphoglycerate are present inside the glycosome in T. cruzi, whereas the ...
... instance, a cMDH [cytosolic MDH (malate dehydrogenase)] is not present in T. cruzi, having mutated to an l‑α‑aromatic hydroxyacid dehydrogenase that is unable to reduce oxaloacetate [13]. The enzymes converting glucose into 3‑phosphoglycerate are present inside the glycosome in T. cruzi, whereas the ...
Metabolic modeling of muscle metabolism identifies key reactions
... Objective: Dysregulated muscle metabolism is a cardinal feature of human insulin resistance (IR) and associated diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, specific reactions contributing to abnormal energetics and metabolic inflexibility in IR are unknown. Methods: We utilize flux balance comp ...
... Objective: Dysregulated muscle metabolism is a cardinal feature of human insulin resistance (IR) and associated diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, specific reactions contributing to abnormal energetics and metabolic inflexibility in IR are unknown. Methods: We utilize flux balance comp ...
tetrahedron report number 124 suicide substrates
... intervention in the biological system can be beneficial, as in blockage of microbial penicillinases, or it can often produce toxic consequences. An understanding of the molecular bases of these phenomena in chemical terms can aid not only in the delineation of how chemical transformations are effect ...
... intervention in the biological system can be beneficial, as in blockage of microbial penicillinases, or it can often produce toxic consequences. An understanding of the molecular bases of these phenomena in chemical terms can aid not only in the delineation of how chemical transformations are effect ...
Lactobacillus sanfrancisco a key sourdough lactic acid bacterium: a
... increase of the energy yield. A fructose-negative strain of Lb. sanfrancisco has been shown to co-ferment fructose when it is in the presence of maltose or glucose (Gobbetti et al. 1995b). About two moles of fructose are consumed for each mole of maltose. In comparison with the growth with maltose a ...
... increase of the energy yield. A fructose-negative strain of Lb. sanfrancisco has been shown to co-ferment fructose when it is in the presence of maltose or glucose (Gobbetti et al. 1995b). About two moles of fructose are consumed for each mole of maltose. In comparison with the growth with maltose a ...
29 Pathways of Sugar Metabolism: Pentose
... also called the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP shunt). It shunts hexoses from glycolysis, forming pentoses, which may be reconverted to glycolytic intermediates. ...
... also called the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP shunt). It shunts hexoses from glycolysis, forming pentoses, which may be reconverted to glycolytic intermediates. ...
Fritz Lipmann - Nobel Lecture
... as the fundamental reaction in biosynthesis8,9. Although in the related manner the appearance of acetyl phosphate as a metabolic intermediary first focussed attention to possible mechanisms for the metabolic elaboration of group activation, it soon turned out that the relationship between acetyl pho ...
... as the fundamental reaction in biosynthesis8,9. Although in the related manner the appearance of acetyl phosphate as a metabolic intermediary first focussed attention to possible mechanisms for the metabolic elaboration of group activation, it soon turned out that the relationship between acetyl pho ...
Novel targets for tuberculosis drug discovery
... in the biosynthesis of lysine (lysA) [28], proline ( proC), tryptophan (trpD) and leucine (leuD) [29]. The structures of both LeuA [30] and LysA in complex with the coenzyme pyridoxal 50 -phosphate (PLP) and the product lysine, as well as in complex with lysine only [31], have been solved. Amino aci ...
... in the biosynthesis of lysine (lysA) [28], proline ( proC), tryptophan (trpD) and leucine (leuD) [29]. The structures of both LeuA [30] and LysA in complex with the coenzyme pyridoxal 50 -phosphate (PLP) and the product lysine, as well as in complex with lysine only [31], have been solved. Amino aci ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.