Microbiology
... Animals have been the focus of research on carnitine since its discovery in 1905 (Gulewitsch & Krimberg, 1905) and microbial carnitine metabolism was not described until more than 50 years later (Fraenkel & Friedman, 1957). In the intervening years, microbiologists have described the roles for carni ...
... Animals have been the focus of research on carnitine since its discovery in 1905 (Gulewitsch & Krimberg, 1905) and microbial carnitine metabolism was not described until more than 50 years later (Fraenkel & Friedman, 1957). In the intervening years, microbiologists have described the roles for carni ...
Riboflavin (Vitamin B )
... at 556 nm (yellow(yellow-green). green) The majority is found in flavocoenzymes [mainly in FAD and lesser amounts in FMN. Riboflavin ...
... at 556 nm (yellow(yellow-green). green) The majority is found in flavocoenzymes [mainly in FAD and lesser amounts in FMN. Riboflavin ...
What is Cholesterol?......cont. - Home
... • As triglycerides are removed from the VLDL, the VLDL gets smaller and becomes enriched with a higher percentage of its composition as cholesterol. In this stage the lipoproteins are referred to as intermediate density lipoproteins,(IDL = VLDL- some of TG). • Further removal of triglycerides from I ...
... • As triglycerides are removed from the VLDL, the VLDL gets smaller and becomes enriched with a higher percentage of its composition as cholesterol. In this stage the lipoproteins are referred to as intermediate density lipoproteins,(IDL = VLDL- some of TG). • Further removal of triglycerides from I ...
DEVELOPMENT OF LACTIC ACID PRODUCTION
... fermentation of L-(+)-lactic acid (lactate) was carried out using the electrodeionization (EDI) technique. The effect of initial lactate concentrations on microbial growth was initially investigated. A mathematical simulation of the product inhibition was successfully illustrated. It was found that ...
... fermentation of L-(+)-lactic acid (lactate) was carried out using the electrodeionization (EDI) technique. The effect of initial lactate concentrations on microbial growth was initially investigated. A mathematical simulation of the product inhibition was successfully illustrated. It was found that ...
Production of L-(+) Lactic Acid From Blackstrap Molasses by
... there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ...
... there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ...
Manganese
... four months) was associated with decreased blood manganese levels and decreased MnSOD activity in white blood cells, indicating a reduction in manganese nutritional status. Additionally, an individual’s iron status can affect manganese bioavailability. Intestinal absorption of manganese is increased ...
... four months) was associated with decreased blood manganese levels and decreased MnSOD activity in white blood cells, indicating a reduction in manganese nutritional status. Additionally, an individual’s iron status can affect manganese bioavailability. Intestinal absorption of manganese is increased ...
Collagen Peptide - Collagen Products
... variations in size are observed. Gelatin is soluble in hot water but forms a gel when dissolved in cold water. "Collagen peptide" is prepared by decomposing gelatin into smaller sizes using proteinase. Collagen peptide does not form a gel and readily dissolves in cold water, even at relatively high ...
... variations in size are observed. Gelatin is soluble in hot water but forms a gel when dissolved in cold water. "Collagen peptide" is prepared by decomposing gelatin into smaller sizes using proteinase. Collagen peptide does not form a gel and readily dissolves in cold water, even at relatively high ...
Presentation part1-201210091211
... Under normal physiological conditions, the primary site of carnitine production is in the liver. During lactation, the production of carnitine in the mammary gland increases, apparently at the expense of production in the mother's liver, which is also accompanied by reduced hepatic enzymatic and tra ...
... Under normal physiological conditions, the primary site of carnitine production is in the liver. During lactation, the production of carnitine in the mammary gland increases, apparently at the expense of production in the mother's liver, which is also accompanied by reduced hepatic enzymatic and tra ...
vitamin b-complex
... Vit B3 - is needed for most body processes Vit B3 - is needed for metabolism of carbohydrates, fat, and proteins Vit B3 - deficiency produces dermatitis, diarrhoea, and dementia Vit B3 - deficiency may cause depression, tension, and insomnia Vit B3 - deficiency may cause impaired memory Vit B5 (Pan ...
... Vit B3 - is needed for most body processes Vit B3 - is needed for metabolism of carbohydrates, fat, and proteins Vit B3 - deficiency produces dermatitis, diarrhoea, and dementia Vit B3 - deficiency may cause depression, tension, and insomnia Vit B3 - deficiency may cause impaired memory Vit B5 (Pan ...
The interaction between bacteria and bile
... cholesterol. When bile enters the small intestine, phosphatidylcholine is hydrolysed and absorbed and cholesterol precipitates from solution enhancing its elimination. The amphipathic nature of bile acids allows them to have detergent action on particles of dietary fat, which causes fat globules to ...
... cholesterol. When bile enters the small intestine, phosphatidylcholine is hydrolysed and absorbed and cholesterol precipitates from solution enhancing its elimination. The amphipathic nature of bile acids allows them to have detergent action on particles of dietary fat, which causes fat globules to ...
Food/feed and environmental risk assessment of insect
... Whole food feeding studies in rats and broilers indicate that maize 1507 x 59122 is nutritionally comparable to conventional maize. Bioinformatics analyses have not disclosed expression of any known ORFs in the parental maize events, and none of the newly expressed proteins show resemblance to any k ...
... Whole food feeding studies in rats and broilers indicate that maize 1507 x 59122 is nutritionally comparable to conventional maize. Bioinformatics analyses have not disclosed expression of any known ORFs in the parental maize events, and none of the newly expressed proteins show resemblance to any k ...
On the mechanism of action of the antifungal agent propionate
... A clue to the mechanism of propionate toxicity was the construction of an A. nidulans methylcitrate synthase deletion strain (DmcsA), which was unable to grow on propionate as sole carbon and energy source. Unexpectedly, growth of DmcsA on glucose was more inhibited by propionate than that of a wild ...
... A clue to the mechanism of propionate toxicity was the construction of an A. nidulans methylcitrate synthase deletion strain (DmcsA), which was unable to grow on propionate as sole carbon and energy source. Unexpectedly, growth of DmcsA on glucose was more inhibited by propionate than that of a wild ...
Bioinformatic Analysis of Glycoside Hydrolases in the
... sugars (cellulose and hemicellulose) and phenolic units (lignin). While complex lignocellulose can be converted into liquid fuels thermo-chemically, biological transformation of lignocellulosic polysaccharides using microorganisms and microbial enzymes is an economical and environmentally benign pro ...
... sugars (cellulose and hemicellulose) and phenolic units (lignin). While complex lignocellulose can be converted into liquid fuels thermo-chemically, biological transformation of lignocellulosic polysaccharides using microorganisms and microbial enzymes is an economical and environmentally benign pro ...
The effect of short chain fatty acids on glucose homeostasis
... Feed intake elevates plasma glucose levels and subsequently insulin release is initiated to maintain glucose homeostasis. Insulin clears glucose from the blood by inhibiting endogenous glucose production and gluconeogenesis in the liver, and by stimulating glucose uptake in muscle- and adipose tissu ...
... Feed intake elevates plasma glucose levels and subsequently insulin release is initiated to maintain glucose homeostasis. Insulin clears glucose from the blood by inhibiting endogenous glucose production and gluconeogenesis in the liver, and by stimulating glucose uptake in muscle- and adipose tissu ...
Lectins, as non-self-recognition factors, in crustaceans
... OH groups in two other carbohydrates, galactose and sialic acid, found in the penultimate and ultimate position of mammalian glycoproteins, respectively, do not fit in this pattern of recognition ŽWeis and Drickamer, 1996.. Based on three-dimensional studies, an additional feature of the molecular p ...
... OH groups in two other carbohydrates, galactose and sialic acid, found in the penultimate and ultimate position of mammalian glycoproteins, respectively, do not fit in this pattern of recognition ŽWeis and Drickamer, 1996.. Based on three-dimensional studies, an additional feature of the molecular p ...
Nutritional compositions of various potato noodles: Comparative
... Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 151900, China) Abstract: In this study, three kinds of noodles, wheat, Shepody potato and Atlantic potato noodles, were produced with blended powder consisting of wheat flour and certain amounts of various pot ...
... Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 151900, China) Abstract: In this study, three kinds of noodles, wheat, Shepody potato and Atlantic potato noodles, were produced with blended powder consisting of wheat flour and certain amounts of various pot ...
Isolation and Characterization of Protease Inhibitors from Animal
... as papain from papayas), metalloproteases (such as thermolysin from bacteria), serine proteases (such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, subtilisin, thrombin) and aspartic proteases (such as renin), based on their protease specificity. They regulate the activity of various proteases. For instance, ...
... as papain from papayas), metalloproteases (such as thermolysin from bacteria), serine proteases (such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, subtilisin, thrombin) and aspartic proteases (such as renin), based on their protease specificity. They regulate the activity of various proteases. For instance, ...
principles of metabolic regulation: glucose and glycogen
... pentose phosphates, or hydrolysis to glucose and phosphate to replenish blood glucose. In fact, glucose 6-phosphate has a number of other possible fates; it may, for example, be used to synthesize other sugars, such as glucosamine, galactose, galactosamine, fucose, and neuraminic acid, for use in pr ...
... pentose phosphates, or hydrolysis to glucose and phosphate to replenish blood glucose. In fact, glucose 6-phosphate has a number of other possible fates; it may, for example, be used to synthesize other sugars, such as glucosamine, galactose, galactosamine, fucose, and neuraminic acid, for use in pr ...
Regulation of Exogenous and Endogenous Glucose Metabolism by
... Raymond R. Russell III,* Gary W. Cline,‡ Patrick H. Guthrie,§ Gary W. Goodwin,§ Gerald I. Shulman,‡ and Heinrich Taegtmeyer§ *Division of Cardiology and ‡Division of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; and ...
... Raymond R. Russell III,* Gary W. Cline,‡ Patrick H. Guthrie,§ Gary W. Goodwin,§ Gerald I. Shulman,‡ and Heinrich Taegtmeyer§ *Division of Cardiology and ‡Division of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; and ...
619Kb
... autophagic cell death have been reported. They decrease respiratory activity and induced ATP efflux after inhibition of the voltage-dependent anion channel in the outer mitochondrial membrane. ...
... autophagic cell death have been reported. They decrease respiratory activity and induced ATP efflux after inhibition of the voltage-dependent anion channel in the outer mitochondrial membrane. ...
please refer to anzfa`s guide to applications and proposals for a
... has resulted in one or more significant composition or nutritional parameters having altered levels. However, FSANZ has examined this issue and is not recommending any additional labelling requirements for foods derived from soybean DP-356043-5 as the elevated components are not considered significa ...
... has resulted in one or more significant composition or nutritional parameters having altered levels. However, FSANZ has examined this issue and is not recommending any additional labelling requirements for foods derived from soybean DP-356043-5 as the elevated components are not considered significa ...
An investigation of protective formulations containing
... Enzymes may have difference sizes, ranging from ≈60 amino acids to more than thousand amino acids. As proteins, enzymes are long, linear chains of amino acids that has folded itself to a 3 ...
... Enzymes may have difference sizes, ranging from ≈60 amino acids to more than thousand amino acids. As proteins, enzymes are long, linear chains of amino acids that has folded itself to a 3 ...
Nonesterified Fatty Acids and Hepatic Glucose Metabolism
... NEFA concentrations are higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes than nondiabetic individuals, even though their insulin concentrations are also higher (13,14). Normally, the liver extracts approximately one-third of a glucose load delivered enterally or into the portal vein (15–17), but net HGU ( ...
... NEFA concentrations are higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes than nondiabetic individuals, even though their insulin concentrations are also higher (13,14). Normally, the liver extracts approximately one-third of a glucose load delivered enterally or into the portal vein (15–17), but net HGU ( ...
Propionic Acid Degradation by Syntrophic Bacteria During
... involved microorganisms. Sulfate was determined as the most successful electron acceptor. A tri-culture was isolated from a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) during growth on propionate with sulfate addition. This consisted of three morphologically different organisms: Syntrophobacter-like lem ...
... involved microorganisms. Sulfate was determined as the most successful electron acceptor. A tri-culture was isolated from a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) during growth on propionate with sulfate addition. This consisted of three morphologically different organisms: Syntrophobacter-like lem ...
Glycogen
... - Peripheral organs such as brain and erythrocytes demand a constant supply of glucose as a source of energy—implying that excess glucose must be stored and released as needed during starvation/fasting - In animals, excess glucose (from the hydrolysis of starch in the food) is converted via glycogen ...
... - Peripheral organs such as brain and erythrocytes demand a constant supply of glucose as a source of energy—implying that excess glucose must be stored and released as needed during starvation/fasting - In animals, excess glucose (from the hydrolysis of starch in the food) is converted via glycogen ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.